Cultural Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Perspectives - Essay Example Non-white populaces are dependent upon more regrettable charges, less early discharges, higher conviction rates, and harsher sentences all through the framework. Sacred revisions have taboo such systematization of separation among whites and non-whites, however incongruities despite everything exist in numerous social regions. About 20% of individuals in jail or prison or waiting on the post trial process for fierce wrongdoings have a psychological sickness, yet just about 13% of the all out remedial workforce is properly prepared instructors, analysts, clinical staff, clergymen, or social laborers. In this way, there is an absence of fitting such administrations in redresses, an inadequacy which will proceed inasmuch as there are problematic methods for assessing clinical viability. Besides, the absence of such administrations in the network everywhere puts individuals at more serious hazard for practices that ask the examination of the legal framework. In light of the significance of social mindfulness, the investigation prescribes certain open approach changes to address these issues. Not exclusively do The Eight and Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution the lawfully ensure certain arrangements for individuals in care or occupied with fair treatment yet in addition there is a moral basic to give essential clinical consideration to detained individuals.

The Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Role - Essay Example In addition, they talk about the more extensive feeling of this term by expounding on social capital and social exercises (Adler and Goggin, 2005, pp. 239-240). Concerning Schlozman et al. (1999), these creators propose to dissect municipal commitment through the three-contention system, which incorporates its appearance as chipping in action, as advancement of majority rules system, and as indication of network interests (p. 428). Because of this, it is sensible to express that urban commitment is a more extensive idea than a network critical thinking one. For this situation, Adler and Goggin (2005) characterize network exercises as a smaller appearance of municipal commitment term on the hub bringing about political exercises (p. 241). Despite the fact that this idea is difficult to characterize, the entirety of its appearances remember the response for certain social issues. In this way, it is conceivable to accept that metro commitment as a wonder showed up as one of the instrume nts of critical thinking inside a social network. In this specific situation, Adler and Goggin (2005) synthetize all the accessible meanings of the term in the announcement, â€Å"Civic commitment portrays how a functioning resident partakes in the life of a network so as to improve conditions for other people or to help shape the community’s future† (p. 242). To put it plainly, the endeavors to characterize the idea uncover the significance of network measurement in its pith. With the very appearance of community commitment by and by, it is entirely expected to connect it with dynamic chipping in position of the adolescent. For this situation, it for the most part shows up with regards to changes inside advanced education establishments (Adler and Goggin, 2005, p. 237). As the exploration led by Adler and Goggin (2005) has appeared, the period of individuals associated with city commitment as network critical thinking is more youthful in normal as opposed to its more extensive elements of discretionary and political

Schizophrenia Causes and Risk Factors

Schizophrenia Causes and Risk Factors Schizophrenia Print Causes and Risk Factors of Schizophrenia By Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP twitter linkedin Jodi Clarke, LPC/MHSP is a licensed professional counselor and mental health service provider with over 20 years of experience in the field. Learn about our editorial policy Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 11, 2019 Schizophrenia Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children In This Article Table of Contents Expand Family History and Genetics Environment Societal Factors Brain and Body Risk Factors Lifestyle Factors View All Schizophrenia is an illness of the brain that causes certain characteristics, abnormal experiences, and behaviors. For different people, schizophrenia can involve different clusters of symptoms. It is possible that slightly different disease processes are involved in these different clusters.?? However, many researchers believe that schizophrenia is a single disease which can have different effects depending on which brain regions are most affected.?? In the latest edition of the DSM, the subtypes of schizophrenia were removed. Researchers do not yet know exactly what causes some people to develop schizophrenia. There is a very strong genetic component to schizophrenia.?? However, genes alone do not completely explain the illness. Most scientists believe that genes don’t cause schizophrenia directly, but do make a person vulnerable to developing the disease. Scientists are studying many possible factors that might cause a person with a genetic predisposition to develop schizophrenia. Verywell / Cindy Chung Family History and Genetics The evidence of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia is overwhelming. The frequency of schizophrenia in the general population is slightly less than 1 percent. Being related to someone with schizophrenia, though, greatly increases your risk of developing schizophrenia.?? Family Connections Just as with other medical and mental health conditions, genetic predisposition plays a role in whether someone will develop symptoms of schizophrenia. The numbers to support this are strong, for example: If your brother or sister or one parent has the illness, your chance of having schizophrenia is around 10 percent.If one parent has the condition, it raises your chances of developing schizophrenia by about 13 percent.If your identical twin has the illness, you have a roughly 50 percent chance of developing schizophrenia.If both of your parents have schizophrenia, you have a 40 percent likelihood of developing the illness.?? We know these family risks are due to genetics rather than family environment, as these rates are the same whether a person is raised in the birth family or not. The children of people with schizophrenia are more frequently given up for adoption because their parents are too ill to care for them. However, genes alone don’t cause schizophrenia. If they did, then identical twins, who share virtually the same genetic code, would have closer to a 100 percent likelihood of sharing the illness, rather than 50 percent.?? Environment As with many health conditions, certain environmental factors may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Viral Infections Exposure to viruses are found to be a contributing factor in the development of schizophrenia. There are a variety of traits of viruses that might make this possible. For example, viruses can: Attack certain brain regions and leave others intactAlter certain processes within a brain cell without killing the cellInfect someone and then lay dormant for many years before causing illness??Cause minor physical abnormalities, birth complications, and altered fingerprint patterns sometimes found in people with schizophreniaAffect neurotransmitters It is also important to note that some antipsychotic agents are also antiviral agents, which can also support the idea that viral infections can play a role in the development of schizophrenic symptoms, particularly psychotic symptoms.?? Herpes Viruses People who have recently developed schizophrenia very often have antibodies to two herpes viruses in their blood, HSV (herpes simplex virus) and CMV (cytomegalovirus). Studies have shown that when these herpes viruses infect someone with a particular set of genes, that person is much more likely to develop schizophrenia.?? Other Infectious Influences People with schizophrenia also are more likely to show antibodies to toxoplasmosis gondii, a parasite carried by cats that can also infect humans.?? Being raised around cats slightly raises a person’s likelihood of developing schizophrenia, and the illness is more common in countries and states where many people have cats as pets. Infectious disease theories of schizophrenia are very exciting and promising. It is too early to know if researching these theories will reveal the cause of schizophrenia, but further study will go a long way toward informing future diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Exposure to Toxins Being exposed to harmful toxins are suggested to play a role in the development of schizophrenia, even as early as during fetal development. Toxins that have been researched to show possible influence include alcohol and lead. Lead Exposure to lead during fetal develop has been shown to significantly influence the likelihood of the development of schizophrenia, particularly psychotic features.?? Lead can be found in things such as: GasolinePaintTap waterChildrens toys Although there are measures that have been taken in more recent years to remove lead from the things we come in contact with everyday, it is important to be aware that lead can still be in our environment. Even a home that has been painted with lead paint 25 years ago or more can release toxins. Societal Factors Because the causes of schizophrenia have been so difficult to define, much research has been devoted to investigating societal issues that could potentially contribute to the onset of the disease in some people. Living in a Populated Area It has been suggested that living in a densely populated area can be a risk factor in the development of schizophrenia. Research has shown that people who grew up in metropolitan areas were more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than those who lived in the country or rural areas.?? Prenatal Exposure to Hunger The children of women experiencing famine during the first three months of their pregnancy have been shown to be more likely to develop schizophrenia.?? Family Environment Being raised in a family with schizophrenia greatly increases the stress and likelihood of abuse and trauma, and children from these homes are more likely to develop the illness themselves. However, the genetic contribution, rather than the psychological stress, explains most of the rate of schizophrenia in children from these families.?? Identifying Schizophrenia in Children It is certainly possible to look in the history of many people with schizophrenia and find past trauma, but many more people with schizophrenia came from loving, supporting homes. One of the many tragedies of schizophrenia is the blame that well-meaning people often assign blame to parents already heartbroken by the illness of their beloved child. It is important to realize that these risk factors do not, in themselves, indicate a cause of schizophrenia. Instead, scientists are looking for underlying differences among these groups of people that can explain why they experience different levels of risk. Brain and Body Risk Factors Developmental theories of schizophrenia suggest that something goes wrong when the brain is developing.?? Brain development, from the earliest stage of fetal development through the early years of life, is an extremely complicated process. Millions of neurons are formed, migrate to different regions of the forming brain, and specialize to perform different functions. The “something” that goes wrong might be a viral infection, a hormonal imbalance, an error in genetic encoding, a nutritional stress, or something else. The common element in all developmental theories is that the causal event occurs during the brain’s development.?? Even though these potential causes may be rooted in very early development, symptoms of schizophrenia typically emerge in late adolescence or early adulthood. Early Disruptions Developmental theories suggest an early disruption causes the brain structure to be disorganized. The start of puberty brings a number of neurological events, including the programmed death of many brain cells, and at that time the abnormalities become critical.?? Developmental theories suggest there are a number of risk factors for schizophrenia related to critical periods in fetal development, such as:?? Schizophrenia is more common in winter and spring births.Children whose mothers experienced famine during the first trimester are more likely to develop schizophrenia.Pregnancy and birth complications increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. However, there is not yet enough evidence that the brains of adults with schizophrenia are disorganized in the ways that developmental theories predict. Also, these theories address the when of schizophrenia’s origin, but not the cause itself. Neurochemicals Schizophrenia clearly involves irregularities in the chemicals of the brain (neurochemicals) that allow brain cells to communicate with each other. We know this because blocking certain neurotransmitters with drugs (like amphetamine or PCP) can cause schizophrenia-like symptoms. Also, antipsychotic medications that block the action of the neurotransmitter dopamine can effectively reduce symptoms. In fact, dopamine imbalance was once thought to cause schizophrenia. However, more recent antipsychotics work without blocking dopamine. Current research indicates that the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate are involved in the cause of schizophrenia.?? The difficulty of neurochemical theories is that most brain processes can affect neurotransmitter levels, and neurotransmitters (of which there are at least 100) all interact with one another. When we say that one particular neurotransmitter or another is causing schizophrenia, we are basing that claim on a single frame of a very long and complicated motion picture, without being able to see the frames that led up to the change we’re observing. The medical treatment of schizophrenia today relies almost entirely upon regulating levels of neurotransmitters, and so research in this area is vital to developing more effective treatments. Lifestyle Factors While certain lifestyle factors may seem to be associated with schizophrenia, the connections are more coincidental than causal. Schizophrenia Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Stress Psychological stress has physiological effects and is implicated in causing or contributing to psychiatric disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological stress also aggravates diseases like high blood pressure and heart disease. Certain types of psychological stress, namely traumas in the aftermath of war, natural disaster, or concentration camp imprisonment, have not been shown to cause schizophrenia.?? This statement doesn’t make sense to many people familiar with schizophrenia. How can it be true? For one thing, schizophrenia does not become more common after these so-called single life incidents. But some research does show an increased risk of developing schizophrenia for individuals who experience traumatic stress disorders,?? especially if triggering incidents occurred early on in life and/or repeatedly as in cases of sexual abuse.?? Stress also plays a significant role in the control of the illness. People with schizophrenia become very sensitive to stress and change. Psychological stress alone can be enough to trigger an episode. Developing and maintaining a routine is one of the most important aspects of avoiding relapse. Life-Changing Events People’s lives are often filled with loss during the time leading up to a first psychotic episode. However, those losses (like relationships, jobs, school, accidents, etc) are often the result of early-onset symptoms including suspicion, memory disturbance, withdrawal, and loss of motivation. Essentially, previously undiagnosed schizophrenia can be the cause of many life-changing events, and not the other way around. How Is Schizophrenia Treated?

Genetic Engineering and the End of the World As We Know...

Its The End Of The World As We Know It (And I Feel Fine) --- From a Song by REM Having completed the Human Genome Project, scientists now seek to uncover the secrets of the human proteome (Begley 1). It is guesstimated that the proteome, meaning all the proteins, will involve up to 1000 times more data than the genome did. But this again brings us to the question: What will the scientific and medical communities do with all this information? deCode Genetics, partnered with Roche Holding of Basel, wants Icelands genes to examine 25-35 common genetically linked diseases (Marshall 539). deCode has identified the genetic sequence responsible for essential tremor and has plans to study alcoholism, diabetes and schizophrenia, among†¦show more content†¦If this ideal, perfect human is a possibility, however distant, isnt it human nature to strive for it? For years weve been building faster cars, better computers, and more efficient everything, why not improve ourselves as well? No small wonder that this new technology frightens the disabled rights community (Rifkin 551). If science is seeking the perfect human, this makes the disabled start to look like errors, mistakes to be erased. Today, ultimate power is within grasp: the ability to control, at the most fundamental level, the future lives of unborn generations... (Rifkin 552). In response to the growing number in the scientific/medical community who believe that yes, we should use genetic engineering to help cure diseases, there is a growing number of geneticists and health practitioners who are using the data from the Human Genome Project very differently (Rifkin 553). This group is remembering to take into account how many of the genetically linked diseases and conditions also have environmental factors involved. Rather than focusing on how we can alter our genes to prevent these conditions, they are including smoking, pesticides, contaminated water, sedentary lifestyle and many other environmental issues that help to lead to the mutations that cause the onset of many diseases (Rifkin 553). One of the most frighteningShow MoreRelatedDisadvantages Of Genetic Engineering1663 Words   |  7 Pagesinnovations is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the deliberate modification of characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. it is a set of biotechnologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. Genetic engineering techniques have been applied in numerous fields including research, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine. Genetic engineering can beRead MoreBenefits Of Genetic Engineering711 Words   |  3 PagesShould genetic engineering be allowed? â€Å"With genetic engineering, we will be able to increase the complexity of DNA, and improve the human race.† - Stephen Hawking. Genetic engineering is the genetic modification of an organism’s phenotype, also known as an organism’s genetic makeup. Genetic engineering can have its advantages and disadvantages, but I believe there are more advantages than disadvantages. There are a number of benefits that we can only discover if scientists consider to study andRead MoreGattaca Movie Review1306 Words   |  5 Pagescloning and genetic engineering have already started and the field will continue to grow beyond the general knowledge of it. Looking at anything from fruits and vegetables to mankind, people are starting to play god and starting to change what natural evolution has brought us and turning it more towards natural selection. The questions facing genetic engineering have always been focused on ethics; is it right? Is it wrong? From the movie Gattaca we can see the ideas of genetic engineering at play throughRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Genetic Engineering1454 Words   |  6 PagesBiemmnet Eshete Professor Eng 112 2 November 2015 The Ethics of Human Genetic Engineering DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribonucleic corrosive is an atom that conveys a large portion of the hereditary guidelines utilized as a part of the improvement, working and propagation of all known living creatures and numerous infections. The National Institutes of Health and Welcome Trust from the London UK and Craig Vendor of Celera Genomics from Maryland USA at the same time exhibited the groupingRead MoreGenetic Disorders And Non Heritable Traits1239 Words   |  5 PagesGenetics have affected everyone all around the world. Throughout the entire time the human population has existed genes have been being passed down from offspring to offspring. This has all happened before we even knew it was happening. Genetics is just not any other things but there are many different kind of things that have to do with genetics. There are mutations, non-heritable and heritable traits, there is also selective breeding and even all the different genetic disorders. Body ParagraphRead MoreGenetic Engineering And The Human Existence1193 Words   |  5 Pages Why is genetic engineering crucial to the human existence? Initially, genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the process of manually adding new unique DNA into an organism. The objective is to add one or numerous new traits that are not already constructed in that particular organism. New DNA inserts in the host genome and immediately isolates and replicates the gene of interest by using molecular cloning methods to synthesize a DNA sequence; then inserting this construct intoRead MoreGenetic Engineering: The Next Technological Leap or a Disruption to the Natural Order of Our Planet?951 Words   |  4 Pagesa new reality. Genetic engineering is a type of science defined as the deliberate modification of characteristics of organisms by manipulation of genetic material. This emerging development has managed to make its mark in our growing global consciousness and there is a rising dispute amongst the masses. While some agree that genetic engineering is the next technological leap for humanity, others believe it disrupts the natural order of our planet. Proponents of genetic engineering state that thereRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Defining Our Children s Traits912 Words   |  4 PagesGenetic Engineering: Defining Our Children’s Traits is an article that explains the concept of altering genes and the advances we have had with genetics. The article starts out by explaining the genetic makeup of humans. Just like we learned in class diploid babies have one alleles from mom and one alleles’ from the father. The articles states how our DNA have genes that are about equal portion from our mother and father. It then goes on to talk about how we are made from the code that our genesRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering831 Words   |  4 Pages Genetic engineering is the growing science of the world and is increasingly under the spotlight over ethical issues. Is biotechnology going to save lives, rather than destroy them? and will the benefits outweigh the risks? The main problem with such questions is that we dont know the answer until we try them out. Like all sciences it is hard to predict outcomes, so far there have been more failures being told than success stories. Genetic engineering is the splitting of DNA out of an organism’sRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetic Modification1518 Words   |  7 Pageswrite my paper about Genetic engineering also known as genetic modification. In a nutshell genetic engineering is the modification of an organism s genetic composition by artificial means, often involving the transfer of specific traits, or genes, from one organism into a plant or animal of an entirely different species. This topic has been researched for decades but still has quite some time to be fully mastered in all possible circumstances. When I think of genetic engineering I think of different

Sources of Pollution and Their Effect - 1081 Words

Air pollution used to be a natural occurrence that had no major effects on the Earths inhabitants. Such instances were caused by forest fires, emission from the Earth, and volcanoes. It was not until humans discovered how to start and control fire that we started over polluting the planet. For many years cities have struggled through thick smog due to dense smoke emissions. Officials, like in Los Angeles, have tried to adopt multiple measures to combat the smog but the city, and the rest of the world, continued to boom in industry. Thus, overwhelming the air pollution reforms the city tried to enforce. However, it was not until about seventy-one years ago during the height of World War Two, when the dire consequences of air pollution began to dramatically increase. Instead of a foreign enemy attacking the city of Los Angeles, it was a domestic one, smog. On July 26, 1943 downtown Los Angeles was covered in smoke and fumes. The smog was extreme to the extent that it cut off visibility of three blocks. This spontaneous â€Å"gas attack† came about in the middle of a heat wave. For the citizens it was unbearable. They suffered from throat-scraping and eye stinging sensations. The people soon realized that something must have gone wrong.. The day after the incident, the city officials blamed the Southern California Gas Co.s Aliso Street plant for the catastrophe. In order to stop the smog, the angry public had the plant shut down temporarily. Yet they were unpleasantly surprised toShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Pollution1578 Words   |  7 Pages2014 The Causes and Effects of Pollution There are constant news reports about pollution and how it’s destroying earth and how it helps the greenhouse effect on Earth’s atmosphere. There are many different sources of pollution, even some that may not seem likely to produce so much. There are many causes of pollution in the environment. Some include natural sources of pollution and some are caused by manmade sources of pollution. Whether they are natural sources or manmade sources, they all contributeRead MoreOverview of Air Pollution1861 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Air pollution remains one of the most urgent and serious problems facing the world today. Research studies conducted in the past have clearly indicated that in addition to harming the environment, the effects of air pollution on human health are particularly adverse. In this text, I discuss air pollution, its causes, and effects. Further, I propose solutions that could be embraced to rein in the problem of air pollution. Air Pollution: An Overview Air pollution in the words of MillerRead MoreThe Hazardous Effects of Pollution to the Environment and Human Health.Docx Uploaded Successfully1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Hazardous Effects of Pollution to the Environment and Human Health Abstract Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change. It can take the form of chemical substances or energy. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. It is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detrimentRead MoreThe Impact Of Marine Pollution On Our Environment1530 Words   |  7 PagesMarcus Sarvis Mrs.Ashley Rutherford English IV 12 October 2017 The Impacts of Marine Pollution in Society Throughout history humans have always neglected the ocean and polluted the ocean. Pollution has been around even since the Roman times. Marine pollution today has gotten worse due to the fact that society is ignoring the issue and still making over 220 million tons of plastic that are produced each year. There are now close to 500 dead zones covering the ocean globally That is equivalent toRead MoreAmbient Air Pollution Is Bad For The Planet977 Words   |  4 PagesLinked to Exposure of Ambient Air Pollution Most people have heard that air pollution is bad for the planet. That pollutants we put in the air are causing this thing called â€Å"Global Warming.† The information that sometimes gets left out is the impact of ambient air pollution to the health of humans. Ambient air pollution is outdoor pollution originating from industries, cars, and trucks. These pollutants can wreak havoc on the human respiratory system (Ambient air pollution). Respiratory conditions suchRead MoreAquatic Ecology : The Science Of Ecology1555 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironments including oceans, lakes, ponds, wetlands, rivers, and streams. Every organism needs energy to live, grow and reproduce. In aquatic ecology, biologists classify organisms as to how they obtain energy and food. Sunlight is the primary source of energy used by organisms on the earth s surface. There are two types of organisms, autotrophs, and heterotrophs. Autotrophs can produce their food from their surroundings using light, or chemical energy and heterotrophs do not produce theirRead MoreEffects Of Air Pollution Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesmany kinds of pollution, but one that has the most impact on humans would be air pollution. In order to live, we must breathe air and surprisingly some things that we breathe takes a toll on our health. Air pollution occurs when pollutants are released into the atmosphere. It has both chronic and acute effects on human health which effects a number of different systems and organsFossil fuel combustion such as diesel fuel, coal, gasoline and natural gas is the main source of air pollution. Most of thisRead MoreWater Pollution Is An Ever Growing Problem Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagescovered in water, more precisely 71% of earth’s surface is covered with water (Perlman USGS, n.d.). With this large amount of water present one would think that water pollution is not something that needs to be considered. This in fact is untrue, water pollution is an ever growin g problem that our planet is facing. One form of pollution that is on the rise is nutrient loading. Nutrient loading is a becoming a large problem in waterways throughout the world both in freshwater and marine systems. BecauseRead MoreCauses Of Air Pollution Essay874 Words   |  4 PagesAir Pollution Poignant Matters Air pollution refers to a chemical, physical or biological alteration to the atmospheric air. It results whenever harmful gasses, smoke, or dust enters the atmosphere and in turn, hinders the survival of animals and plants as the air contains toxic substances. The survival of human beings and animals greatly depend on the combination of gasses in the atmosphere; slight disruption of this composition can cause devastating effects on their existence. An imbalance in theseRead MoreThe Effects Of Environmental Pollution On The Environment1405 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental pollution is a major problem in the world, posing many health risks to both humans and the environment when exposed to the pollutants for long periods of time. Environmental pollution can simply be defined as â€Å"the presence in the environment of an agent which is potentially damaging to either the environment or human health (Briggs, 2003, 2).† There are many different types of pollution, such as air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution. Environmental pollution needs to start

Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Free Essays

A rESEACH PAPER| AGAINST COSMETIC SUGERY| ENC 1102Instructor: Luse| | By Maria Garzon| 3/25/2013| Background and Thesis Opponents have historically overlooked the primary reasons for it’s against to plastic surgery. It promotes a continuing descent into all things vain. Rather than accepting their perceived flaws, growing, and developing character, they take a chance going under the knife. We will write a custom essay sample on Cosmetic Plastic Surgery or any similar topic only for you Order Now Plastic surgery rarely produces the desired results and creates unhealthier obsession with things that would be relatively trivial in a mentally healthy person with proper priorities and emotional disorders. Even if, by some miracle, someone is completely happy with their surgery, it only serves to perpetuate the cycle; for themselves and for others. The obsession doesn’t go away in these people. Their thinking inevitably moves on to having more things done. The plastic surgery craze is insidious because it targets those who are obsessed with their outer appearance, not what’s important. Furthermore, the demand for cosmetic plastic surgery increases despite the increasing cost, in contrast to other traditional goods for which demand typically declines as price increases. Cosmetic plastic surgery has moved beyond the stage of being an exclusive privilege of the rich and famous. Nevertheless, cosmetic plastic surgery is one of the medical specialties exposed to a substantially high risk of malpractice claims. Most malpractice claims in cosmetic plastic surgery are not consequences of technical faults but because of inadequate patient selection criteria and lack of adequate communication between patient and surgeon. Proven efficient training, careful utilization of computer imaging techniques in association with the adoption of simple precautions and guidelines and adequate communication along with a completed patient’s consent form are important essentials in case of medical litigation. .Mental and emotional stability are increasingly taking a backseat to physical appearance. People just don’t realize what they’re doing to themselves because they have never really valued anything other than physical appearance in the first place. The fact that these things aren’t obvious to more people truly shows where our culture is heading. Just think about this question: Is the freedom to do whatever we want with our lives a valuable passport even to overpass the limits of morals and ethics. People generally aren’t against plastic surgery. They’re against people who look perfectly fine getting their face cut up because they want to look like their favorite celebrity. Opposition A new survey shows that more than half (51%) of all Americans regardless of income approve of cosmetic plastic surgery, this is a 3% increase from 2009. According to the February 2011 report, 52% of respondents with an income of under $25K approve of cosmetic surgery (48% of respondents with an income between $25K-$50K approve, 45% of respondents with an income between $50K-$75K approve, and 56% of respondents with an income above $75K approve) and 29% of the respondents who earn under $25K would consider cosmetic surgery for themselves. â€Å"As the numbers suggest people in every income bracket, single or married, male or female, view plastic surgery as a reasonable option today,† said Felmont F. Eaves III, MD, President of The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS). â€Å"Taking care of yourself and paying attention to physical appearance is increasingly important to everyone. As both traditional surgical procedures have been improved and refined, and new nonsurgical options have become available, aesthetic plastic surgeons have more to offer to our patients. † Other key findings of the study include:53% of women and 49% of men say they approve of cosmetic surgery. 67% of Americans would not be embarrassed if their friends and family knew they had cosmetic surgery. 7% of married Americans and 33% of unmarried Americans would consider cosmetic surgery for themselves, now or in the future. 67% of white Americans and 72% of non-white Americans say they would not be embarrassed about having cosmetic surgery. Most Americans (71%) said their attitude toward cosmetic surgery had not changed in the last five years, though 20% said it was ‘more favorable. ‘Out of all age groups, men and women between the ages of 18 and 24 are the most likely to consider plastic surgery for themselves now or in the future (37%). 7% of Americans 65 or older say they would not be embarrassed about having cosmetic surgery. The study was commissioned by the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) and conducted by the independent research firm innovate. According to 2010 ASAPS Cosmetic Surgery Statistics, almost 9. 5 million cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures were performed in the United States last year. Women had nearly 8. 6 million cosmetic procedures (92 percent of total) and men had more than 750,000 procedures (8 percent of total). Overall, the number of surgical procedures increased by almost 9 percent and nonsurgical cosmetic procedures decreased 9 percent from 2010 to access the complete 2010 ASAPS Statistics. A 2004 study published in the official medical journal of the ASPS, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery found that deaths occurring at office-based surgery facilities are rare–less than 1/4 percent. More than 400,000 operative procedures in accredited office-based outpatient surgery centers were studied from 2000-2002. Serious complications were infrequent, occurring 1 in 298 cases or 0. 4 percent with death occurring 1 in 51,459 cases or 0. 0019 percent, which is comparable to the overall risk of such procedures performed in hospital surgery facilities, this publication makes me think about my life or my beauty Well, someone has to defend cosmetic plastic surgery, says Rachel Weisz, Hollywood beauty. There are several reasons why she is in approve of cosmetic plastic surgery, that extend beyond her own vested interest of making a living. She also asks,† Where do you draw the line between acceptable vanity and unacceptable vanity? You shower, bathe and get regular haircuts. You color your hair to be lighter, darker, more dramatic, or to hide the grays. You spend large amounts of money on skin care products and eye creams. You wear cosmetics, buy and wear flattering clothing , pay a fortune for your kids to have straight teeth . Why are these things acceptable but cosmetic surgery, which actually works, is not? Do you know that the entire skin care industry is lying to you? Over-the-counter skin care products don’t work. At best, they don’t work that well. Regardless of how expensive they are, your face will still sag and wrinkle. Women spend an average of $24,000 over their lifetimes fighting wrinkles, and yet, the wrinkles keep coming. † She basically want to covey that she is in approve of cosmetic surgery because is cheaper than using creams or products, she believe in vanity, plus being perfect is the main character in her life. Refutation I have fact about how cans harmful cosmetic surgeries are. October, 2000. A new study suggests that a few patients who seek facial plastic surgery have a personality disorder. Surgery may benefit some of these patients, but others remain discontented and may seek legal recourse from their surgeon. A person’s self-image plays a key role in the development of personality. Young men and women with a subjective negative impression of their self-image develop defense mechanisms to cope with low esteem. Later in life, they may request cosmetic surgery to â€Å"normalize† a perceived abnormal appearance. These patients may, in fact, not need cosmetic surgery to address patterns of behavior found in certain personality types. Following surgery, conflict may arise between patient and surgeon. The researchers contend that facial plastic surgeons may encounter this problem. Their study attempts to describe the personality disorders of patients seeking facial plastic surgery to allow the specialist to make an informed decision to treat, or not to treat. The research was carried out by a team led by Henri Gaboriau MD, from the Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, and H. Devon Graham III MD, from the Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans, LA. The findings were presented on April 28,1999 at a meeting of the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. The Bible does not specifically address a Christian having plastic surgery or cosmetic surgery. There is nothing in the Bible to indicate that plastic surgery is, in and of itself, wrong. However, there are several things that one needs to consider before deciding whether or not to undergo these procedures. Altering one’s body is unnatural, and there are always risks of potential side effects, both physical and psychological. No one should allow himself to be put â€Å"under the knife† without first thoroughly researching all alternatives, risks, and side effects involved with the surgery. A person also needs to fully identify his or her motivation for desiring the surgery. For many with physical deformities; whether genetic or acquired, it is natural to want to fit into society and feel â€Å"normal. † There are also cases of slight abnormalities that would cause someone to feel very uncomfortable with himself, such as a very large or misshapen nose. But many, if not most, plastic surgeries are attempts to meet emotional voids in physical ways, to attract attention, or to seek approval from others. The most important thing to do before making the decision to undergo plastic surgery would be to consult God about the issue. The Bible tells us that God cares about every worry and concern that we have, so we should take our problems to Him (1 Peter 5:7). Through the wisdom and guidance of the Holy Spirit and the Word of God, we have the ability to make decisions that will please and honor Him. â€Å"Charm is deceptive, and beauty is fleeting; but a woman who fears the LORD is to be praised† (Proverbs 31:30). Even the most skilled surgeon cannot hold back the hands of time, and all cosmetic surgeries will eventually have the same result—aging. Those lifted body parts will sag again, and those cosmetically altered facial features will eventually wrinkle. It is far better to work on beautifying the person underneath, â€Å"that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight† (1 Peter 3:4). Conclusion I am against plastic surgery because it is generally unnecessary surgery which comes with very serious risks. Our society places great importance in appearance, which leads to unrealistic standards that young girls and women. Plastic surgery only strengthens these insane standards and weakens the self-esteem of girls and women who do not feel as though they measure up. Learn to love the body you have. And more people want surgery, but we are not becoming uglier as a race, we are just adjusting our notion of what is beautiful and what is not. All of us are the product of billions of years of evolution and sexual selection; we are the direct descendants of 100s of millions of others who have been found sexually attractive by someone else, we can’t be that ugly. As wonderful as this piece of modern medical technology may sound, cosmetic surgery is not all that advantageous and in most of all cases, it is not needed. There is no point in transforming a healthy body. That is why the idea of the perfect body image has to be forgotten, and it has to be recognized that everyone is a special human being. Sources Laurie J. Fundukian, Richard H. Camer â€Å"Blepharoplasty. â€Å". The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed.. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 6 vols. Print Kimberly,HenryA. ,andPennyHeckaman. â€Å"The-Plastic-Surgery-Sourcebook† Lincolnwood: NTC/ Contemporary Publishing, 1999. Print Liz Jones †If face creams really beat ageing, I wouldn’t have had a facelift† 25 July 2011http://www. dailymail. co. uk Newswire Association LLC â€Å"Plastic Surgery Complications and Deaths are Rare, Despite Highly Publicized Death of Donda West† US Newswire. Nov. 14, 2007 pNA. ; http://www. plasticsurgery. org; National Review â€Å"Survey Shows That More Than Half of Americans Approve of Cosmetic Plastic Surgery† New York, NY ,April 4, 2011 ; www. surgery. org; http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/articles/A63931-2004Oct26. html http://www. prweb. com/releases/2013/3/prweb10557201. htm http://www. deseretnews. com/article/865575486/Teens-turn-to-plastic-surgery-experts-tackle-the-when-and-why. html? pg=all How to cite Cosmetic Plastic Surgery, Papers

Basic Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning free essay sample

When entering a market, an organisation needs to identify its customers and what its customer needs are. A business can’t go into a market with a product and expect to sell it, because the demand for the product may not be there. It is important for the business to plan thoroughly before entering a market and understand the diverse nature of a market. For example, a market may have large range of consumers who have different tastes, preference and needs. So this is where the concept of segmentation will be applied. Segmentation is defined as ‘the identification of individuals or organisations with similar characteristics that have significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy’. To break this down, an organisation will need to group together the consumers that share the same traits in order to serve them properly. A company is bound to fail if it has created a marketing mix which serves one customer, but does not serve another. By creating sub markets or market segments, a marketing mix can be created to suit the needs of each segment which will create satisfied customers. Once a company has successfully segmented a market, it can then provide products or services that will satisfy customers in a specific segment. If a company does not have a product or service to satisfy a sub market, then it is in the company’s interest to develop a product or service that will satisfy that part of the market. This is because one of the main reasons for segmentation is maximising profits. Segmentation is a way to match consumer needs, which in turn can enhance profitability. When a segment hasn’t been supplied with goods or services, this is seen as an opportunity to enhance profits. You may segment consumers into three main groups, Behavioural, psychographic and profile variables, each group has its own sub categories. Marketers use these as a basis to segment their potential markets, for example the behavioural segment has the following sub groups: * Benefit sought * Purchase occasion * Purchase behaviour * Usage * Perceptions and beliefs Psychographic has the following sub groups * Lifestyle * Personality Profile variables has the following sub groups * Demographic * Socio-economic * Geographic There is no definite way to segment a market, but these following sub groups can be used together to segment a market. For example you could combine lifestyle with geographic or purchase behaviour, personality and socio-economic to segment your market. Lucozade developed a sports brand ‘Lucozade sport’ in 1990 and from there the brand has divided into sub brands to suit the needs of different consumers. Lucozade sport was developed as an enegery drink to replenish lost energy and rehydrate before, during and after sport. Lucozade then went on to create another brand extension ‘Lucozade Hydro Active’ which was also developed as a sub brand which is a fitness water that contains essential salts, selected vitamins and has a light fruit flavour to encourage consumption during exercise. Lucozade Sport Nutrition was another sub brand that included the Lucozade Sports Bar and Carbo Energy Gel products, which have been formulated to deliver an optimum diet for athletes in a convenient, portable format. You can see how the original brand has branched off into sub brands or brand extensions. For these brand extensions to be effective, Lucozade needed to understand and apply market segmentation. The marketing mix was also an essential key to the success of these products as the mix is a tool to implement strategy. You can see how Lucozade implemented their marketing strategy using the marketing mix. For example, the company would have needed to make a choice on what product top offer, known as a product decision. Once a market has been segmented, it is easier for a company to make a decision on which product they would like to provide their customers. In Lucozades case, it was a choice to develop a new sports brand and further extend that brand as their find gaps in other segments of the market. Target marketing An important part of marketing is selecting the market you want to enter to provide your products or services. So once you have successfully used market segmentation to divide your market into reasonable consumer segments, you then need to use targeting to choose the market you are going to serve. Choosing a market to serve is an extremely important decision a business will need to make, because a bad decision at this stage could result in failure. To help make the right decision, a company should use criteria to evaluate a market, for example: * Effective * Measurable * Accessible * Actionable * Profitable (foot note) Another method of evolution would be the SMART objectives method: * Specific * Measurable * Achievable * Realistic * Time scaled Either way, an organisation should evaluate their potential market before entering them. There have been cases where businesses have entered markets and failed, because they did not evaluate effectively. In 2003, Burger King introduced a new line of chicken sandwiches aimed at appealing to a more health-conscious demographic (the BK Baguette Sandwiches). The product never caught on in the U. S. and was quickly replaced with the TenderGrill Sandwich’. It’s evident that of a failing product and more importantly evidence of poor marketing strategy. If burger king used targeting properly, the product may have been more successful in a different location with different consumer s. This example seems show evidence of undifferentiated marking, which is one marketing mix for the whole market. Burger King should have spent more time on research to identify where those consumers were and target them with their new product. In some markets undifferentiated marketing works, these are usually mass markets, but for new product lines such as burger kings new sandwich, differentiated marketing should be used. When Mc Donalds entered the Indian market, they realised a large percentage of the population were vegetarian due to culture differences. Mc Donalds developed a vegetarian product range that suited this market, so this is seen as differentiated marketing. Differentiated marketing is a marketing mix that is developed for each segment of a market. A company would need to have the capability to manufacture a range of products to serve each segment, as this strategy tends to create multiple segments each with different preferences. Mc Donalds has the capability to manufacture the new vegetarian range, through the use of local suppliers and their large distribution networks. Comparing Burger Kings failure and Mc Donalds success indicates where Burger King went wrong. Burger King dropped the product and did not try to investigate other markets to see if there were any opportunities. Part of the segmentation process is to identify opportunities to enhance profits, so looking for another market to enter could have been an option as Burger King is global. The promotion part of the marketing mix would have been the key role to the success of Burger Kings new product. When launching new product, the target audience needs to be aware the products exists. Advertising would have been the most important task for Burger King when launching this new product. Firms can use another form of targeting known as focused marketing, where a firm would focus on a niche market. Effectively a firm would identify market egments, evaluate each segment, then decide on which one would be most profitable or sustainable. One marketing mix is used for each segment, so this allows an organisation to focus their entire resources on that one segment of a market. This is often more efficient for small to medium sized businesses as they do not have the capacity to serve mass markets. Positioning Another part of the marketing management process is positioning. This is defined as ‘A  marketing strategy  that  aims  to make a brand occupy a distinct  position, relative to  competing  brands, in the mind of the  customer. Firms tend to use this strategy to distinguish themselves between other brands in the mind of a consumer. Consumers often try to compare brands to see which one has the most benefits or added value. So it’s important for a company to use positioning to make sure their brand becomes the choice of a consumer. â€Å"The easiest way to get into someone’s mind is to be first, nobody remembers second†. Southwest Airlines used positioning very well, turning a disadvantage into an advantage. This company did not offer reserved seating on their flights, so it would be a free for all situation when boarding their planes. Using the promotion part of the marketing mix, they created an ad which switched the perception of their position. So Bill switched to Southwest Airlines. Now Bill sits where Bill wants. Freedom to choose on Southwest Airlines.   Ã‚  This was a very innovative way to position a service less advantageous compared to competitors. So through positioning and promotion southwest airlines turned a disadvantage into a benefit. The advert tried to change the perception of customers to make it seem like a good thing to pick your seats when you board a plane. A company that is really successful at position is ‘Hotel Chocolat’. Operating in the confectionary industry, Hotel Chocolat is a niche business. You can often find niche firms operating at the higher end of a market providing luxury goods. The chocolate industry is a highly competitive industry, but Hotel Chocolat has still been successful by segmenting the marketing, developing products that suit each segment and then positioning itself as a luxury brand. Through the use of profile variables Hotel Chocolat divided their market,the following list is one example of how the company segmented the market: * Gifts for him * Gifts for her * Teachers * Children * Diabetics Vegans * Vegetarians So there a products developed to suit the needs of consumers from each segment. This a really innovative niche within the confectionary industry and it shows how his business used the product part of the marketing mix. The company is able to answer question like, what does the customer want from the product? What needs does it satisfy? What features does it have to me et these needs? These are all important question when developing products for each segment. Through use of positioning Hotel Chocolat is able to be distinguished as a luxury brand, but part of this is to do with pricing. The businesses prices for products a significantly higher than competitive brands. You can buy a 250g tub of hot chocolate powder from Hotel Chocolat for ? 10. 00, compared to ? 2. 99 for a 500g tub of Cadburys hot chocolate powder. So you can see how the prices are reflecting the quality of each product. Hotel Chocolat is a successful business too, as it has new shops opening at the rate of more than ten a year in the UK where there are now 61 with two franchises in the Channel Islands. So the price determines the quality of the brand and the brand is based around good quality products. Another part of the marketing mix adds to the success of Hotel Chocolat, place. There are only 61 stores, the location of these stores are on busy high streets and shopping malls. By having stores in the Channel islands shows that Hotel Chocolat really think about where they have their store as jersey is a wealthy island with GDP of ? 1 billion in 2008, with a population of around 100,000. So consumers general have more money available to spend on luxury goods. Overall Hotel Chocolat have successfully implemented a marketing strategy that works within the confectionary industry. Through the use of segmentation, targeting and positioning the company has been about to satisfy consumers and increase profitability. Segmentation is a process a business should if they would like to identify their consumers as it divides the market into segments, which in turn allow you to serve segments that suit your business activity. Targeting is strategy which a business should use to decide which segments they want to serve. When targeting a business should thoroughly evaluate each segment to make sure they choose the right segment. Positioning is important when marketing a product or service as it means the difference between a customer buying your product over a competitors. For this to be successful the use of perceived value and branding should support the process. Word count: 2086 References Jobber and Fahy – Foundations of Marketing (Chapter 5 – Page 109) Irish Times. (2006). Marketing communications fuelling performance. Available: http://www. business2000. ie/pdf/pdf_10/glaxosmithkline_10th_ed. pdf. Last accessed 16/08/2012. Daily Meal. (20/05/12). Failed products of major brands. Available: http://www. oxnews. com/leisure/2012/05/20/failed-products-major-brands/#ixzz22y8z9FQE. Last accessed 16/08/2012. Chris Horton. (04/05/2012). Positioning Case Study: How Nokia Fell From Number 1 Read more at Available: http://www. business2community. com/mobile-apps/market-positioning-case-study-how-nokia-fell-from-number-1-0173782#x2lZvbK3uwT6v9dJ. 99. Last accessed 16/08/2012. Al Ries and Jack Trout à ¢â‚¬â€œ Book  Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind (1981) Ivan Levison. (January 2009). A Product Positioning Case Study: Southwest Airlines Is Sitting Pretty. Available: http://www. directmarketingiq. om/article/a-product-positioning-case-study-southwest-airlines-is-sitting-pretty-112/1 Last accessed 16/08/2012. David White. (10/06/12). Sweet success. Available: http://www. thisismoney. co. uk/money/markets/article-2156359/Interview-Hotel-Chocolat-founder-Angus-Thirlwell. html#ixzz23SMednqX. Last accessed 16/08/2012. [ 1 ]. Jobber and Fahy – Foundations of Marketing (Chapter 5 – Page 109) [ 2 ]. http://www. business2000. ie/pdf/pdf_10/glaxosmithkline_10th_ed. pdf [ 3 ]. http://www. foxnews. com/leisure/2012/05/20/failed-products-major-brands/#ixzz22y8z9FQE [ 4 ]. ttp://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/positioning. html#ixzz233N03x00 [ 5 ]. (1981 book  Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind, Al Ries and Jack Trout) http://www. business2community. com/mobile -apps/market-positioning-case-study-how-nokia-fell-from-number-1-0173782#x2lZvbK3uwT6v9dJ. 99 [ 6 ]. http://www. directmarketingiq. com/article/a-product-positioning-case-study-southwest-airlines-is-sitting-pretty-112/1 [ 7 ]. http://www. thisismoney. co. uk/money/markets/article-2156359/Interview-Hotel-Chocolat-founder-Angus-Thirlwell. html#ixzz23SMednqX

Descartes Was A Jack Of All Trades, Making Major Contributions To The

Descartes was a "jack of all trades", making major contributions to the areas of anatomy, cognitive science, optics, mathematics and philosophy. Underlying his methodology is the belief that all science is based on mathematics. This is manifested in his unification of ancient geometry and his new alegbra based on the Cartesian coodinate system. For Descartes, certainty in philosphy and in mathematics is gained through understanding. We may know that two apples and two apples makes four apples, but Descartes believes that matematics transcends the senses, contributing to an overall mathematical order to the universe that is independent of senses. Senses were at the center of his Meditations on First Philosphy, a work in which Descartes explores the concepts of self, God and mind. He begins by shaking our belief in the sneses; if they are all an illusion created by a malicious deceiver, what can we trust? His answer is that we can doubt, and that the deceiver cannot cause us to doubt our own existence. Thus, the famous "cogito ergo sum" (I think therefore I am). However, the I is not a physical "i", is is an immaterial mind that is identified by "I". Thus begins Cartesian Dualism, the theory that there are two fundamental types of entities : mind and matter. The physical bodies exists extended in space, with depth, width and breadth. However, minds are entirely immaterial and nonspatial; they are the "I" he refers to. Since the mind is the only entity that can think (rocks cannot), Descartes uses the cogito arguemnt to prove the existence of a mind.

Superman and Me vs. Bodega Dreams Essays

Superman and Me vs. Bodega Dreams Essays Superman and Me vs. Bodega Dreams Paper Superman and Me vs. Bodega Dreams Paper 1 Makeitha C Mrs. Rogers ENC 1102, 4:05 November 29th, 2011 Culture vs. Education Culture is an essential element that can impact the way a person sees the world and processes information. â€Å"Superman and Me,† by Sherman Alexie and â€Å"Bodega Dreams,† by Ernesto Quinonez, examines the importance of education and the impact it has on cultures. In â€Å"Superman and Me† the narrator tells a story about an Indian boy who teaches himself how to read and write at the age of 3 years. Despite the challenges he was face with living on an Indian Reservation, he remained motivated and interested in gaining more knowledge in reading and writing. Bodega Dreams,† by Ernesto Quinonez the narrator tells a story about two young Latino boys and their experience together in Junior High school. The young boys are in English and Science class together. Although the boys are not motivated about school, there teacher’s (Mr. Blessington and Mr. Tapia) try different methods to keep them motivated and focus in school. These two stories will debate how culture influences children view point in education. In the story â€Å"Superman and me† the narrator details methods he uses to learn how to recognize a paragraph and picture read using a Superman comic book. The narrator explains how he was very motivated about learning to read and write. The narrator seemed to be a very driven man who knew exactly what he wanted, and was willing to do whatever it took to achieve his goals. The narrator expresses himself with self-confidence by stating, â€Å"I am smart. I am arrogant. I am lucky. I want to save my life (209-210). † Being an Indian boy who lived on a reservation, he felt many people were expecting him to fail in the non-Indian world and he was determined to prove them wrong. The narrator states, â€Å"I never was taught how to write poetry, short stories, and novels. † â€Å"I don’t recall a guest teacher visiting the reservation (210). 2 The narrator tells how he was enthused about reading and the different methods he used to learn the words. He tells about the many struggles he had to endure because he was different, he was not ashamed to show his intelligence. He explains how his Indian peers were afraid to show their intelligence by not speaking out in class or around other peers. The narrator argues that Indian children are stereotyped as unintelligent failures. The issue is the author wants readers to recognize that Indian children were not well educated in reading and writing, they needed to be encouraged to read and write, and exposed to more literature. The Indian children lacked motivation in learning to read and write. They were comfortable with just knowing powwow songs and jokes. The narrator wanted the Indian students to see the importance in reading. He wanted them to understand reading is more than just the reading of words, but a way to survive in the non-Indian world. The narrator states he eventually grew up and became a successful author/writer. He devotes his time working with Indian children and assisting them with reading and writing their own stories. Although the narrator tells about the struggles he had growing up on a reservation knowing how to read and write, he decides to give back to his community. The narrator teaches Indian children creative writing hoping they will change the perception about school and develop confidence and motivation like he did. Ernest Quinonez’s â€Å"Bodega Dreams† the narratora young Latino boytells a story about an experience he had in Junior High school and the kind of relationship he had developed with his Science teacher (Mr. Tapia) and English teacher (Mr. Blessington). In the story the narrator tells how Mr. Tapia and Mr. Blessington interact differently with their students. The narrator explains how Mr. Blessington is not one of his favorite teachers. The narrator states, â€Å"He kept telling us boys were all going to end up in jail and all girls were going to end hooking (167). † The narrator explains how he is bored with listening to the Robert Frost poem in his class. The narrator states, â€Å"He was one of those upper-class people who thinks highly of themselves†¦and have chosen to â€Å"help† poor kids from the ghetto (167). In Science class his teacher, Mr. Tapia, is inspiring to him. The narrator explains how Mr. Tapia encouraged his class to do their work. He felt all his students had the potential to do well. In the story the narrator enjoyed challenging the teacher’s with questions just to get off task. The narrator’s friend (Sapo) had the same classes toge ther. 3 Sapo was very quiet and kept to himself until one day the Mr. Blessington approached him with a question. The narrator claims Sapo did not make an effect in class due to Mr. Blessington negative comments he makes towards him and his peers. Mr. Blessingon was not pleased with Sapo’s attitude. Mr. Blessington and Sapo begin exchanging words which lead them to a heated discussion and a physical altercation. Mr. Blessington lost control and Sapo released anger. In the story Mr. Tapia tried to save Sapo by telling Sapo to lie about the altercation. Sapo did what Mr. Tapia told him to do in order to avoid the detention center. The incident eventually changed Sapo’s persona. The young Latin boy was put in a position to where he lost control and it changed his whole outlook on life. In this story the author argues that a person’s childhood environment often determine his or her character and life path. In the story the narrator provided evidence of how the students had supportive teachers and how their teacher’s encourage the students to be successful. Mr. Tapia and Mr. Blessington exposed their students to a variety of poetry and literature, and allowed them opportunities to complete their work either at home or in school. The stories share common points about the importance of reading and writing. In order for an individual to be successful in school is by making an effort and attempting to do the work. In â€Å"Superman and Me† the Indian boy wanted to be successful by taking matters in his own hands by teaching himself how to read and write. In â€Å"Bodega Dreams† the characters in the story were not interested in learning or doing their assignments, which became a disappointment to their teachers. I think the Indian children have a valid reason to feel conquered by their abilities to learn. Their cultural upbringing can be a factor which often causes them to lose interest in reading and writing. When teachers are working with children it’s important that they are sensitive to the students’ needs, respect each child’s differences and culture, and be more mindful of their position in society. Providing support and positive guidance is the key when working with children and helping them become more involved in school. 4 In closing, these stories have a valid point and will stimulate more readers to think about the importance of culture and education. Stereotyping and prejudice can have a negative effect on children. Adults must remember children are in a vulnerable position. Allowing children to explore and have access to different learning materials will help them gain more knowledge. Respecting different cultures and communicating with children in positive ways will help develop self-confidence and help them have a better outlook on life. 5 Alexie, Sherman. â€Å"Superman and Me. † Reading Literature and Writing Argument. 4th ed. Missy James and Alan Merickel. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print Quinonez, Ernest. â€Å"Bodega Dreams. † Reading Literature and Writing Argument. 4th ed. Missy James and Alan Merickel. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print.

International Law and Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Law and Human Rights - Essay Example ive sense of cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, or nationalism – is one of those which distinguish the United States’ from the international human rights perspective. (346) Indeed, history has proved that the American Congress and its deliberations are characterized by a consistent concern to protect the sanctity of the US political institutions in a diverse world and a perspective suspicious and disdainful of things foreign. This American relativist attitude according to Patrick and Forman obstructs the United Nations’ human rights objective, which is to promote universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedom for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.1 And so it is understandable to assume that the areas of jurisdiction as well as the enforcement of the World Court’s mandates regarding disputes, such as in human rights, are problematic areas of concern when nations refuse to accede or at least comply with international requirements. The United States in 1986 withdrew from compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, which meant that it accepts the court’s jurisdiction only on case-to-case basis. 2 But however the case is, one cannot deny the role that World Court, the International Criminal Court and War Crimes Tribunals assume in the peaceful and orderly coexistence among the community of nations. They serve as an affirmation of the legality of the world bodies, particularly of the United Nations. As with the other governmental institutions, the judicial branch is central to the efficiency and legitimacy of a government. According to M. Henri Spaark, who was the first President of the United Nations General Assembly, peace will not be achieved if there would be no absolute respect for international jurisdictions and its judgments.3 (Raic1997, 4) The World Court and the International Criminal Court under the wing of the United Nations have already proven their relevance as with the indictment of

Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Gun Control - Research Paper Example This led to the enactment of firearms act that sought to regulate ownership through licensing and guidelines for assessing whether an individual was eligible to own a gun. Similar to other laws, the firearm act has seen multiple changes and politics over time (Zimring 1). Currently, both the national and state governments have provisions concerning gun ownership. However, there is a diverse opinion of states over the issue. Some states lack any form of regulation while others have stringent gun control laws Background Information The issue of stringent control of guns probably emerged in the United States after President J.F Kennedy’s assassination in 1963. The case gave rise to a heated debate that has caused political criticisms (Carter 34). However, a probe into the American history reveals that gun control has existed since the 1700s. Over the centuries, people have had divided opinions about the stringency of gun ownership control. Some states have allowed citizens to sel l and own guns while others have maintained strict control of ownership of guns. In 1938, the federal government declared its stand concerning firearm ownership. ... The law enlisted different categories of individuals that were not legible to owning firearms. People intending to own guns had to be competent and have clean records. In 1972, the emergence of the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms changed the picture of firearm ownership regulation. This body sought to establish profiles of those seeking to own firearms (Carter 56). The body also strived to exert a form of control to combat the illegal use of firearms. Legal gun ownership involved acquiring of licenses from the body that only granted the license to people meeting all requirements. In 1986, the federal government enacted an increase of the penalties subject to those possessing firearms without proper licensing. The government also eased some previously stringent regulations in aid to protect the owners. However, the easing came with a ban of some bullets the public. In the years that followed, the government amended the laws depending on the prevailing rates (Zimring 1). In the 1990s, the regulation of firearm ownership took a different turn with the emergence of a need to introduce a lock mechanism in trigger. In addition, the government identified some zones that had to remain gun-free and these included schools. In 1994, the government introduced a ban on the manufacture and merchandise of potentially harmful assault firearms. Towards the close of the century, the suggestions concerning a mandatory lock mechanism in guns caused a heated debate, but did not pass in the senate. However, the government advised manufactures to provide the lock mechanisms as an alternate for interested owners. However, the lock system finally passed in 1999. Other regulations involve the age limit and storage requirements of the firearms in a bid

A Life Course Approach To Health Psychology Essay

A Life Course Approach To Health Psychology Essay In the early years, illnesses were studied only in terms of single causes; one agent led to one particular disease. However, we now know that the health of individuals and societies are affected by a combination of factors such as hereditary factors, living conditions, socioeconomic status and social support networks. A life course approach to health focuses on all ages and stages of life and takes into account a wide range of processes that interact and influence peoples health from birth to old age ( Kuh et al, 2003) and also has implications on the way health care needs of people are considered. Based on the understanding that ones past and present life experiences are shaped by the wider socio-cultural context, we can study the current pattern of health and disease of an individual by looking into and examining their past life events for clues into present health related behaviour (WHO, 2000) such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diets and similar behaviours t hat have adverse effects on ones health and overall well being. Although, in the past, the Biomedical model of health which emphasizes on the biological determinants or external pathogens has proven to be effective in the control of massive infectious diseases ( Havelka et al, 2009), there is a crucial need to understand health and diseases from various other perspectives that take into account major influential factors such as biological, behavioural and psychosocial processes that run throughout the life of an individual and contribute towards both acquisition and attrition of physiological and psychological functioning. Such an approach aids in understanding the development and course taken by various diseases, leading to the formulation of preventive measures and treatment plans. A life course approach to health emphasizes on events from all stages of life, starting from the intrauterine environment and throughout adult life, subsequently studying how such events influence the risk for chronic illnesses and health outcomes later in life, whic h is why the narrow biomedical model has been broadened into an integrated model that looks at not only the biological determinants of health but also the psychosocial and behavioural aspects. On a simpler note, life course approach aims to understand how biological, psychosocial and behavioural risk factors during the fetal period, infancy, childhood and early adulthood accumulate and increase the risk for a number of diseases. Timing of physical growth and psychological transitions are known to be influential in the manifestation of various adult chronic diseases and therefore strongly affects an individuals capacity to be healthy (Osler, 2006). While ones genetic makeup or external pathogens (biological factors) may determine the onset of an illness up to certain degree, it can be debated that this is intensified by various personal behaviours and societal influences. A classic example of a life course approach to health would be the field of gerontology which studies how people age by examining an array of biological, psychological, social and lifestyle factors. Furthermore, if we were to consider cigarette smoking, a detrimental health related behaviour and a frequent ly used example in health related research, we can say that although an individuals family history of smoking( genetic influence) will definitely increase the risk of engaging in such behaviour, other factors such as exposure to smokers( peer/societal factor) or the need to live up to the expectations of others(psychosocial factor) will intensify the risk of smoking behaviour which, in turn, increases the risk for various health complications related to cigarette smoking, such as lung cancer, later in life. The importance of a life course approach lies in its implications for the way an individuals health is assessed, formulation of treatment plans based on past and ongoing events and training of health care professionals to equip them with a better understanding of peoples health and its underlying determinants ( WHO,2006). This paper focuses on the life course perspective on health, which is gradually becoming an efficient framework to study health and development of diseases, and also looks into the biological, psychosocial and behavioural processes that influence health throughout the lifespan. TIME, CRITICAL PERIOD AND ACCUMULATION OF RISKS The functional capacity of our physiological systems that increases during the early years of life reaches its peak in adulthood and begins to decline thereafter; external factors determine the intensity and speed of both the increase and decline. Therefore the lifespan perspective is defined by major concepts such as health trajectories, accumulation of risk factors, chains of risk, timing of exposure ( critical and sensitive periods), factors that mediate and modify the exposure-disease association and various adaptive strategies (Wethington, 2005). The life course perspective is a much broader approach than the Barker hypothesis or the Fetal origins hypothesis which focuses entirely on the relationships between early fetal environment and development of diseases later during adulthood and old age. It takes into account the contributions of both early biological programming (Barker, 1992) and later adult lifestyle factors which lead to the formation of biological, psychological and social chains of risks (Power et al, 1999). A number of researches (Smith, 2000; Lumey, 1998) and birth cohort studies reveal the existence of critical periods, not just during the intrauterine phase but also later in life, characterized by exogenous stimuli that have lasting effects on the structural and functional development of bodily systems leading to lifelong health implications. For example, fetal alcohol exposure during the first trimester is often associated with craniofacial abnormalities in conjunction with improper mental development (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) as well as low birth weight (Coles, 1994). Similarly, there are various sensitive periods, mainly during childhood and adolescence, when the timing of exposure plays a crucial role in determining the development of lifelong adaptive strategies, social skills and health behaviours that have direct implications on development of illnesses later in life. For instance, the period between birth to 4 years is very crucial for sensory refinement in children, whereby f ailure to attend to the differences in sensory stimuli can lead to a diminished ability to make sense of the broader social environment leading to deprivation of social interaction and formation of social relationships (characterized by accumulation of stress and anxiety) which will eventually lead to adverse effects on the health of individuals later in life. Accumulation of risk factors over time also determines the likelihood of a disease occurring, for instance people who belonged to a poor socioeconomic environment as a child are more likely to have had poor educational attainment, exposure to poor eating habits and nutrition, air pollution, passive smoking, detrimental lifestyle choices, infections due to childhood neglect and inadequate social support, all of which carries onto a similar pattern in adulthood and increases the risk of adult health complications such as poor immune system, coronary heart diseases, high blood pressure and so on (Kuh Ben-Schlomo, 2002). In addition, the life course approach aims to understand whether such early bio psychosocial factors lead to just additional risk or interact with later adulthood events to intensify long term health conditions. Hence, the life course perspective combines the Early programming model and cumulative pathway model; the former is concerned with Biopsychosocial events in early life, starting from the fetal period until childhood, that have life-long influences while the latter focuses on lifelong accumulation of stress through various social and behavioural expectations that ultimately affects an individuals overall adaptive system. So, this approach focuses on the determinants of health from early developmental phase and also over the course of lifespan where time takes the centre stage, focusing on different exposure-timing interactions resulting in different health outcomes. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH Development of human beings is characterized by a number of biological, psychosocial and behavioural processes, each with different levels of importance at different developmental stages, and which involves growth, maintenance and loss of physiological and psychological functioning. Human development is, therefore, shaped by biological, social and behavioural factors working together (Myers et al). It is quite interesting to note that development is multidimensional in nature, involving the body, mind and emotions that interact and bring about significant changes at different stages in the lifespan and so it can be argued that the events that occur during such interactions or the individual lifestyle choices one makes will lead to either accumulation of risk or protective factors which will subsequently determine the susceptibility of individuals to adult diseases or chronic illnesses. So, the life course approach to health focuses on understanding the individual nature as well as th e cumulative impact of such bio-psychosocial and behavioural factors that co-constructs development and also health in the long run. A variety of behavioural factors or habits can have adverse effects on ones health. Some of the most commonly known factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary pattern, level of physical activity, sexual behaviour and substance abuse. While excessive consumption of alcohol is associated with liver cirrhosis, untimely death and hazards to health from alcohol related violence, smoking is one of the leading causes of coronary heart diseases, asthma, lung cancer and a reduced life expectancy by seven to eight years (NWPHO data, 2005). In addition, poor dietary pattern/habit established during early childhood can increase the risk for obesity or malnutrition, leading to further health complications later in life such as weak immune system and eventually a decrease in life expectancy. Substance abuse and sexual behaviour (unprotected sex), like any other lifestyle habit, has devastating effects on health and general wellbeing, and in almost all cases they impact family and social relationships through events such as teenage pregnancy, domestic violence, unrest in the household, etc. Socioeconomic condition of people shape their risk for diseases later in life since both harmful exposures and opportunities are patterned by ones social environment, not to mention the life choices we make that are influenced by our social experiences. People interact with their social environment on a daily basis and such interactions affect their health either directly through psychobiological processes (experience of stress and anxiety) or indirectly leading to the development or modification of health related behaviours formerly discussed. The psychosocial factors that are known to impact ones health status include the social support network, work environment (ideal vs. stressful), work-home balance, sense of security, autonomy and so on. Stress and anxiety brought upon by such processes can lead to various psychological conflicts such as loss of self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, which will in turn affect the physiological functioning of the body. This brings us to the und erstanding that psychosocial processes or environment may have a role to play in disease aetiology (Cassel, 1974). In addition, it can also be argued that positive social support network facilitates behaviours that are considered healthy by the promotion of healthy eating, abstinence from substances and better adherence to treatments (Uchino, 2006). In his paper, Policy, Biology, and health, Bortz emphasizes that biological factors occur in various combinations to determine the functional well being of individuals. Although the human genome is often regarded as the ultimate determinant of human health, there are other equally important factors that influence health and well being, such as threats presented by the external environment (agents) and deterioration of internal bodily functioning. The life course approach to health is characterized by a temporal ordering of formerly mentioned biological, psychosocial and behavioural processes and is built on the view that these factors interact and have a cumulative influence on the development and course of illnesses in adulthood (Hertzman et al, 2001). So, the genetic makeup of individuals interact with intrauterine insults and various socially patterned exposures during childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood that determine the risk for a number of health conditions and also accounts for socioeconomic, gender and ethnic inequalities in health ( Kuh, Ben-Schlomo, Lynch, et al, 2003). This approach helps us address some of the most common and emerging health conditions at present such as obesity, asthma and diabetes. In a study by Lamont et al in 2000, a number of early and later life factors were ordered temporally and the inter relationships were examined leading to the discovery of several potential disease pathway. In a similar study by Eriksson et al in 2001, these disease pathways were found to be influenced by a number of confounding factors and mediators and therefore, depending on the type and time of exposure, the pathways can be predominant in one of the following areas: biological, social, socio-biological and bio-social (Krieger, 2001). Specifically, if we consider respiratory problems like chronic bronchitis, improper lung development during the intrauterine period, in collaboration with later extraneous agents, will form the biological pathway to a greater risk of respiratory system dysfunction as an adult. Whereas if the individuals socioeconomic condition has led to adverse exposures during childhood, followed by detrimental health behaviour such as smoking, then the pathway to r espiratory diseases would be predominantly social. Likewise, the socio-biological pathway is characterized by the exposure to harmful biological agents as a result of adverse socioeconomic conditions. Or it can be the other way around whereby frequent infections during childhood would come in the way of proper development, leading to a low socioeconomic position during adulthood. RESEARCH AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS We can say that the life course approach to health is based on the Biopsychosocial model that maintains that both macro level and micro level processes interact and produce multiple effects on health. But the question arises as to how biological factors (micro level) and psychosocial factors (macro level) interact if they are on different levels. In order to address this issue, researches in health psychology adopts the system theory, according to which all levels in any entity are linked to each other hierarchically and that change in any one level will effect change in all other levels. Based on this understanding, researchers often take an interdisciplinary and multivariate approach to study the interacting processes, both within an individual and at the macro level and maintains that the process of defining an illness should always be done in terms of the biological, psychological and social factors (Oken, 2000). Health psychologists also carry out various prospective studies to evaluate events or variables relating to a particular health condition, such as intervening the smoking habits of people in one society and not in another and looking into the differences in the rate or prevalence of respiratory conditions in both the groups. Prospective longitudinal study is perhaps one of the popular research designs that health psychology adopts in order to follow a group of people and assess them on a number of variables over a long period of time and provides a good measure of factors affecting health of an individual. While correlational research has often been criticized for its inability to determine the direction of causality, researchers often make use of the retrospective approach to rearrange and understand the past conditions and how they lead to the present situation. The life course approach to health has various implications for clinical diagnosis of illnesses, development of treatment plans and training of health care professionals. By examining the Biopsychosocial processes underlying the lifespan development of individuals, health professional can formulate treatment plans and therapies unique to each individual; some may be a predominantly biological approach such as invasive methods while others may take a more psychological stance like cognitive behavioural therapy or relaxation therapy. Therefore, we can understand the health status of people only by viewing them in the social and psychological contexts ( Belar, 1997). CONCLUSION Health psychology strives to understand health in all its dimensions, recognizing all internal and external exposures throughout the life of an individual, giving more importance to the events that occur during the fetal period, childhood and early adulthood and their subsequent impact on adult health and development of illnesses. By downplaying the earlier assumptions that only current exposures or factors influence the onset of a disease or that illness is caused entirely by biological agents, it takes a rather multidimensional and multidirectional approach, taking into consideration the biological, psychosocial and behavioural processes occurring throughout the lifespan, their interactions and the cumulative impact on ones health and disease occurrence. In short, it integrates the lifelong progression of individuals from the intrauterine environment to the larger social environment; a progression that encompasses a series of social and biological factors that work together to dete rmine the health status of individuals in the long run. Health psychology, therefore, tries to explore all the underlying causes of ill health and subsequently develop treatment procedures to overcome them. Word count: 2755

Advantages and Disadvantages of Prison Privatization Essay

The need for a well-built, reliable incarceration service and program is truly of great social, state, federal, and national concern. As the sense of maintaining justice, peace, and order amongst the communities and state-areas is of a national issue, it is only natural that the government and other public officiating bodies are tackling such social matters. However, at the event of prison privatization, many discussions have spurred it as a sound and trusty alternative for various difficulties that public incarceration systems have been facing. As any arguable issue is compromised, advantages and disadvantages present themselves. Economic and Monetary Advantage—Real and Perceived There are on-going arguments which discuss the true fiscal advantage of having a privatized prison system, specifically in terms of whether its contribution is significant or not. Those who support the push of such a privatized system argue that a noteworthy percentage of costs can be saved. In fact, â€Å"advocate for privatization maintain that the private sector management and operation of prison can cut costs by as much as 20%† (Carey, 1997 cited in Cheung, 2004, p. 1). Other studies and research have been done to better prove the cost efficiency of such a system. Organization have made efforts to support this particular privatized advantage, finding a direct relation between sending and keeping inmates in a prison system run by the private sector. Michael Hallett and Amy Hanauer (2001, p. ) writes: A 2001 report from Policy Matter Ohio documented a long-standing practice by Ohio prison administrators who manage contracts with private facilities. The practice is known as â€Å"cherry picking† and involves â€Å"sending less expensive inmates to private facilities, artificially inflating reported cost savings† (cited in Raher, 2002, p. 4). Moreover, the use of a labor base belonging to private sector presents cost-saving advantages as it maintains a sense of control over employee compensation and benefits. Though figures have been given, those who oppose such privatization rebut with delivering disputes that this is more of a misleading notion than fact. Greg Jaffe and Rick Brooks (1998) explain: In a 1996 General Accounting Office (GAO) review of several comparative studies on private versus public prison, researchers acknowledged, â€Å"because the studies reported little difference and/or mixed results in comparing private and public facilities, we could not conclude whether privatization saved money† (cited in Cheung, 2004, p. ). As this is a debatable issue, there are ever combating findings and views upon this matter. It is best to reconsider whether or not there is any actual and beneficial fiscal impact of privatized prisons. Nevertheless, James Austin and Garry Coventry research and examine in terms of future trends that â€Å"a number of companies operating privatized prisons is likely to decrease as competition and costs of doing business increase, thus forcing a con solidation of firms within the industry† (Austin & Coventry, 2001, p. xi ). Hence, the logic of presenting a privatized prison system, a seemingly cost-effective option, still holds problem. Thus, this does not really address solutions to replace fully the traditional, non-privatized, prison system. Quality Process of a Privatized Operation—Safety and Reliability The discussion of quality and reliability of a privatized prison system service and its standing to survive pressing conditions of what prison and its inmates demand is of valuable concern more than anything else. Seemingly, however, prison in a privatized sector is not an ideal fit. There are issues of safety, for the inmates, guards and public, that questions these. Again, James Austin, and Garry Coventry also examines that physical assaults on guards and staff by inmates were almost more significantly recurrent in private prisons than in government-run prisons and physical assaults on fellow inmates were more significantly recurrent in private prisons (Austin & Coventry, 2001). Hence, with the assorted dangers of a privatized system, it then places its integrity on shaky ground. Sentencing Policy and Profit Motive It seems that the correlation of the sentencing policy and profit motive is in line with each other at a prison belonging to the private sector. Since profit maximization is the main objective of a private-based organization, it would seem logical to tip the scales of sentencing towards the private prison’s benefit, presenting the possible use of profitable injustice with conditions that may violate particular prison laws and prisoner rights. This presents a disadvantage more over the conscious effort to exercise the true essence of human justice. Putting the promise of profit ahead of justice is a form of corruption that disrupts the natural hand of the supposed trustworthiness of a true and unbiased justice system. Furthermore, Amy Cheung (2004) adds: â€Å"And because most private prisons operate on a per diem rate for each bed filled, there is a financial incentive not only to detain more inmates more inmates but also to detain them for a longer period of time† (p. 4). Lack of Public Oversight With the privatized prison system, the public is freed from paying taxes that are allocated to maintain and ensure a reliable prison system. However, as tax exemptions are placed, the public ability of oversight in terms of approving and disapproving upon issues of new prison facilities amongst communities, etc, is sacrificed. Conclusion Prison privatization has both advantages and disadvantages that hold key elements for debate. Nonetheless, what must be prioritized is the valuable role of the justice system and the ability of a dependable prison system, whether private, public, or mixed, to render the hand of truthful justice.