Cultural Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Perspectives - Essay Example Non-white populaces are dependent upon more regrettable charges, less early discharges, higher conviction rates, and harsher sentences all through the framework. Sacred revisions have taboo such systematization of separation among whites and non-whites, however incongruities despite everything exist in numerous social regions. About 20% of individuals in jail or prison or waiting on the post trial process for fierce wrongdoings have a psychological sickness, yet just about 13% of the all out remedial workforce is properly prepared instructors, analysts, clinical staff, clergymen, or social laborers. In this way, there is an absence of fitting such administrations in redresses, an inadequacy which will proceed inasmuch as there are problematic methods for assessing clinical viability. Besides, the absence of such administrations in the network everywhere puts individuals at more serious hazard for practices that ask the examination of the legal framework. In light of the significance of social mindfulness, the investigation prescribes certain open approach changes to address these issues. Not exclusively do The Eight and Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution the lawfully ensure certain arrangements for individuals in care or occupied with fair treatment yet in addition there is a moral basic to give essential clinical consideration to detained individuals.

The Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Role - Essay Example In addition, they talk about the more extensive feeling of this term by expounding on social capital and social exercises (Adler and Goggin, 2005, pp. 239-240). Concerning Schlozman et al. (1999), these creators propose to dissect municipal commitment through the three-contention system, which incorporates its appearance as chipping in action, as advancement of majority rules system, and as indication of network interests (p. 428). Because of this, it is sensible to express that urban commitment is a more extensive idea than a network critical thinking one. For this situation, Adler and Goggin (2005) characterize network exercises as a smaller appearance of municipal commitment term on the hub bringing about political exercises (p. 241). Despite the fact that this idea is difficult to characterize, the entirety of its appearances remember the response for certain social issues. In this way, it is conceivable to accept that metro commitment as a wonder showed up as one of the instrume nts of critical thinking inside a social network. In this specific situation, Adler and Goggin (2005) synthetize all the accessible meanings of the term in the announcement, â€Å"Civic commitment portrays how a functioning resident partakes in the life of a network so as to improve conditions for other people or to help shape the community’s future† (p. 242). To put it plainly, the endeavors to characterize the idea uncover the significance of network measurement in its pith. With the very appearance of community commitment by and by, it is entirely expected to connect it with dynamic chipping in position of the adolescent. For this situation, it for the most part shows up with regards to changes inside advanced education establishments (Adler and Goggin, 2005, p. 237). As the exploration led by Adler and Goggin (2005) has appeared, the period of individuals associated with city commitment as network critical thinking is more youthful in normal as opposed to its more extensive elements of discretionary and political

Schizophrenia Causes and Risk Factors

Schizophrenia Causes and Risk Factors Schizophrenia Print Causes and Risk Factors of Schizophrenia By Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP twitter linkedin Jodi Clarke, LPC/MHSP is a licensed professional counselor and mental health service provider with over 20 years of experience in the field. Learn about our editorial policy Jodi Clarke, MA, LPC/MHSP Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 11, 2019 Schizophrenia Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children In This Article Table of Contents Expand Family History and Genetics Environment Societal Factors Brain and Body Risk Factors Lifestyle Factors View All Schizophrenia is an illness of the brain that causes certain characteristics, abnormal experiences, and behaviors. For different people, schizophrenia can involve different clusters of symptoms. It is possible that slightly different disease processes are involved in these different clusters.?? However, many researchers believe that schizophrenia is a single disease which can have different effects depending on which brain regions are most affected.?? In the latest edition of the DSM, the subtypes of schizophrenia were removed. Researchers do not yet know exactly what causes some people to develop schizophrenia. There is a very strong genetic component to schizophrenia.?? However, genes alone do not completely explain the illness. Most scientists believe that genes don’t cause schizophrenia directly, but do make a person vulnerable to developing the disease. Scientists are studying many possible factors that might cause a person with a genetic predisposition to develop schizophrenia. Verywell / Cindy Chung Family History and Genetics The evidence of a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia is overwhelming. The frequency of schizophrenia in the general population is slightly less than 1 percent. Being related to someone with schizophrenia, though, greatly increases your risk of developing schizophrenia.?? Family Connections Just as with other medical and mental health conditions, genetic predisposition plays a role in whether someone will develop symptoms of schizophrenia. The numbers to support this are strong, for example: If your brother or sister or one parent has the illness, your chance of having schizophrenia is around 10 percent.If one parent has the condition, it raises your chances of developing schizophrenia by about 13 percent.If your identical twin has the illness, you have a roughly 50 percent chance of developing schizophrenia.If both of your parents have schizophrenia, you have a 40 percent likelihood of developing the illness.?? We know these family risks are due to genetics rather than family environment, as these rates are the same whether a person is raised in the birth family or not. The children of people with schizophrenia are more frequently given up for adoption because their parents are too ill to care for them. However, genes alone don’t cause schizophrenia. If they did, then identical twins, who share virtually the same genetic code, would have closer to a 100 percent likelihood of sharing the illness, rather than 50 percent.?? Environment As with many health conditions, certain environmental factors may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. Viral Infections Exposure to viruses are found to be a contributing factor in the development of schizophrenia. There are a variety of traits of viruses that might make this possible. For example, viruses can: Attack certain brain regions and leave others intactAlter certain processes within a brain cell without killing the cellInfect someone and then lay dormant for many years before causing illness??Cause minor physical abnormalities, birth complications, and altered fingerprint patterns sometimes found in people with schizophreniaAffect neurotransmitters It is also important to note that some antipsychotic agents are also antiviral agents, which can also support the idea that viral infections can play a role in the development of schizophrenic symptoms, particularly psychotic symptoms.?? Herpes Viruses People who have recently developed schizophrenia very often have antibodies to two herpes viruses in their blood, HSV (herpes simplex virus) and CMV (cytomegalovirus). Studies have shown that when these herpes viruses infect someone with a particular set of genes, that person is much more likely to develop schizophrenia.?? Other Infectious Influences People with schizophrenia also are more likely to show antibodies to toxoplasmosis gondii, a parasite carried by cats that can also infect humans.?? Being raised around cats slightly raises a person’s likelihood of developing schizophrenia, and the illness is more common in countries and states where many people have cats as pets. Infectious disease theories of schizophrenia are very exciting and promising. It is too early to know if researching these theories will reveal the cause of schizophrenia, but further study will go a long way toward informing future diagnosis and treatment of the condition. Exposure to Toxins Being exposed to harmful toxins are suggested to play a role in the development of schizophrenia, even as early as during fetal development. Toxins that have been researched to show possible influence include alcohol and lead. Lead Exposure to lead during fetal develop has been shown to significantly influence the likelihood of the development of schizophrenia, particularly psychotic features.?? Lead can be found in things such as: GasolinePaintTap waterChildrens toys Although there are measures that have been taken in more recent years to remove lead from the things we come in contact with everyday, it is important to be aware that lead can still be in our environment. Even a home that has been painted with lead paint 25 years ago or more can release toxins. Societal Factors Because the causes of schizophrenia have been so difficult to define, much research has been devoted to investigating societal issues that could potentially contribute to the onset of the disease in some people. Living in a Populated Area It has been suggested that living in a densely populated area can be a risk factor in the development of schizophrenia. Research has shown that people who grew up in metropolitan areas were more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than those who lived in the country or rural areas.?? Prenatal Exposure to Hunger The children of women experiencing famine during the first three months of their pregnancy have been shown to be more likely to develop schizophrenia.?? Family Environment Being raised in a family with schizophrenia greatly increases the stress and likelihood of abuse and trauma, and children from these homes are more likely to develop the illness themselves. However, the genetic contribution, rather than the psychological stress, explains most of the rate of schizophrenia in children from these families.?? Identifying Schizophrenia in Children It is certainly possible to look in the history of many people with schizophrenia and find past trauma, but many more people with schizophrenia came from loving, supporting homes. One of the many tragedies of schizophrenia is the blame that well-meaning people often assign blame to parents already heartbroken by the illness of their beloved child. It is important to realize that these risk factors do not, in themselves, indicate a cause of schizophrenia. Instead, scientists are looking for underlying differences among these groups of people that can explain why they experience different levels of risk. Brain and Body Risk Factors Developmental theories of schizophrenia suggest that something goes wrong when the brain is developing.?? Brain development, from the earliest stage of fetal development through the early years of life, is an extremely complicated process. Millions of neurons are formed, migrate to different regions of the forming brain, and specialize to perform different functions. The “something” that goes wrong might be a viral infection, a hormonal imbalance, an error in genetic encoding, a nutritional stress, or something else. The common element in all developmental theories is that the causal event occurs during the brain’s development.?? Even though these potential causes may be rooted in very early development, symptoms of schizophrenia typically emerge in late adolescence or early adulthood. Early Disruptions Developmental theories suggest an early disruption causes the brain structure to be disorganized. The start of puberty brings a number of neurological events, including the programmed death of many brain cells, and at that time the abnormalities become critical.?? Developmental theories suggest there are a number of risk factors for schizophrenia related to critical periods in fetal development, such as:?? Schizophrenia is more common in winter and spring births.Children whose mothers experienced famine during the first trimester are more likely to develop schizophrenia.Pregnancy and birth complications increase the risk of developing schizophrenia. However, there is not yet enough evidence that the brains of adults with schizophrenia are disorganized in the ways that developmental theories predict. Also, these theories address the when of schizophrenia’s origin, but not the cause itself. Neurochemicals Schizophrenia clearly involves irregularities in the chemicals of the brain (neurochemicals) that allow brain cells to communicate with each other. We know this because blocking certain neurotransmitters with drugs (like amphetamine or PCP) can cause schizophrenia-like symptoms. Also, antipsychotic medications that block the action of the neurotransmitter dopamine can effectively reduce symptoms. In fact, dopamine imbalance was once thought to cause schizophrenia. However, more recent antipsychotics work without blocking dopamine. Current research indicates that the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate are involved in the cause of schizophrenia.?? The difficulty of neurochemical theories is that most brain processes can affect neurotransmitter levels, and neurotransmitters (of which there are at least 100) all interact with one another. When we say that one particular neurotransmitter or another is causing schizophrenia, we are basing that claim on a single frame of a very long and complicated motion picture, without being able to see the frames that led up to the change we’re observing. The medical treatment of schizophrenia today relies almost entirely upon regulating levels of neurotransmitters, and so research in this area is vital to developing more effective treatments. Lifestyle Factors While certain lifestyle factors may seem to be associated with schizophrenia, the connections are more coincidental than causal. Schizophrenia Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Stress Psychological stress has physiological effects and is implicated in causing or contributing to psychiatric disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological stress also aggravates diseases like high blood pressure and heart disease. Certain types of psychological stress, namely traumas in the aftermath of war, natural disaster, or concentration camp imprisonment, have not been shown to cause schizophrenia.?? This statement doesn’t make sense to many people familiar with schizophrenia. How can it be true? For one thing, schizophrenia does not become more common after these so-called single life incidents. But some research does show an increased risk of developing schizophrenia for individuals who experience traumatic stress disorders,?? especially if triggering incidents occurred early on in life and/or repeatedly as in cases of sexual abuse.?? Stress also plays a significant role in the control of the illness. People with schizophrenia become very sensitive to stress and change. Psychological stress alone can be enough to trigger an episode. Developing and maintaining a routine is one of the most important aspects of avoiding relapse. Life-Changing Events People’s lives are often filled with loss during the time leading up to a first psychotic episode. However, those losses (like relationships, jobs, school, accidents, etc) are often the result of early-onset symptoms including suspicion, memory disturbance, withdrawal, and loss of motivation. Essentially, previously undiagnosed schizophrenia can be the cause of many life-changing events, and not the other way around. How Is Schizophrenia Treated?

Genetic Engineering and the End of the World As We Know...

Its The End Of The World As We Know It (And I Feel Fine) --- From a Song by REM Having completed the Human Genome Project, scientists now seek to uncover the secrets of the human proteome (Begley 1). It is guesstimated that the proteome, meaning all the proteins, will involve up to 1000 times more data than the genome did. But this again brings us to the question: What will the scientific and medical communities do with all this information? deCode Genetics, partnered with Roche Holding of Basel, wants Icelands genes to examine 25-35 common genetically linked diseases (Marshall 539). deCode has identified the genetic sequence responsible for essential tremor and has plans to study alcoholism, diabetes and schizophrenia, among†¦show more content†¦If this ideal, perfect human is a possibility, however distant, isnt it human nature to strive for it? For years weve been building faster cars, better computers, and more efficient everything, why not improve ourselves as well? No small wonder that this new technology frightens the disabled rights community (Rifkin 551). If science is seeking the perfect human, this makes the disabled start to look like errors, mistakes to be erased. Today, ultimate power is within grasp: the ability to control, at the most fundamental level, the future lives of unborn generations... (Rifkin 552). In response to the growing number in the scientific/medical community who believe that yes, we should use genetic engineering to help cure diseases, there is a growing number of geneticists and health practitioners who are using the data from the Human Genome Project very differently (Rifkin 553). This group is remembering to take into account how many of the genetically linked diseases and conditions also have environmental factors involved. Rather than focusing on how we can alter our genes to prevent these conditions, they are including smoking, pesticides, contaminated water, sedentary lifestyle and many other environmental issues that help to lead to the mutations that cause the onset of many diseases (Rifkin 553). One of the most frighteningShow MoreRelatedDisadvantages Of Genetic Engineering1663 Words   |  7 Pagesinnovations is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the deliberate modification of characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. it is a set of biotechnologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms. Genetic engineering techniques have been applied in numerous fields including research, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine. Genetic engineering can beRead MoreBenefits Of Genetic Engineering711 Words   |  3 PagesShould genetic engineering be allowed? â€Å"With genetic engineering, we will be able to increase the complexity of DNA, and improve the human race.† - Stephen Hawking. Genetic engineering is the genetic modification of an organism’s phenotype, also known as an organism’s genetic makeup. Genetic engineering can have its advantages and disadvantages, but I believe there are more advantages than disadvantages. There are a number of benefits that we can only discover if scientists consider to study andRead MoreGattaca Movie Review1306 Words   |  5 Pagescloning and genetic engineering have already started and the field will continue to grow beyond the general knowledge of it. Looking at anything from fruits and vegetables to mankind, people are starting to play god and starting to change what natural evolution has brought us and turning it more towards natural selection. The questions facing genetic engineering have always been focused on ethics; is it right? Is it wrong? From the movie Gattaca we can see the ideas of genetic engineering at play throughRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Genetic Engineering1454 Words   |  6 PagesBiemmnet Eshete Professor Eng 112 2 November 2015 The Ethics of Human Genetic Engineering DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribonucleic corrosive is an atom that conveys a large portion of the hereditary guidelines utilized as a part of the improvement, working and propagation of all known living creatures and numerous infections. The National Institutes of Health and Welcome Trust from the London UK and Craig Vendor of Celera Genomics from Maryland USA at the same time exhibited the groupingRead MoreGenetic Disorders And Non Heritable Traits1239 Words   |  5 PagesGenetics have affected everyone all around the world. Throughout the entire time the human population has existed genes have been being passed down from offspring to offspring. This has all happened before we even knew it was happening. Genetics is just not any other things but there are many different kind of things that have to do with genetics. There are mutations, non-heritable and heritable traits, there is also selective breeding and even all the different genetic disorders. Body ParagraphRead MoreGenetic Engineering And The Human Existence1193 Words   |  5 Pages Why is genetic engineering crucial to the human existence? Initially, genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is the process of manually adding new unique DNA into an organism. The objective is to add one or numerous new traits that are not already constructed in that particular organism. New DNA inserts in the host genome and immediately isolates and replicates the gene of interest by using molecular cloning methods to synthesize a DNA sequence; then inserting this construct intoRead MoreGenetic Engineering: The Next Technological Leap or a Disruption to the Natural Order of Our Planet?951 Words   |  4 Pagesa new reality. Genetic engineering is a type of science defined as the deliberate modification of characteristics of organisms by manipulation of genetic material. This emerging development has managed to make its mark in our growing global consciousness and there is a rising dispute amongst the masses. While some agree that genetic engineering is the next technological leap for humanity, others believe it disrupts the natural order of our planet. Proponents of genetic engineering state that thereRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Defining Our Children s Traits912 Words   |  4 PagesGenetic Engineering: Defining Our Children’s Traits is an article that explains the concept of altering genes and the advances we have had with genetics. The article starts out by explaining the genetic makeup of humans. Just like we learned in class diploid babies have one alleles from mom and one alleles’ from the father. The articles states how our DNA have genes that are about equal portion from our mother and father. It then goes on to talk about how we are made from the code that our genesRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering831 Words   |  4 Pages Genetic engineering is the growing science of the world and is increasingly under the spotlight over ethical issues. Is biotechnology going to save lives, rather than destroy them? and will the benefits outweigh the risks? The main problem with such questions is that we dont know the answer until we try them out. Like all sciences it is hard to predict outcomes, so far there have been more failures being told than success stories. Genetic engineering is the splitting of DNA out of an organism’sRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetic Modification1518 Words   |  7 Pageswrite my paper about Genetic engineering also known as genetic modification. In a nutshell genetic engineering is the modification of an organism s genetic composition by artificial means, often involving the transfer of specific traits, or genes, from one organism into a plant or animal of an entirely different species. This topic has been researched for decades but still has quite some time to be fully mastered in all possible circumstances. When I think of genetic engineering I think of different

Sources of Pollution and Their Effect - 1081 Words

Air pollution used to be a natural occurrence that had no major effects on the Earths inhabitants. Such instances were caused by forest fires, emission from the Earth, and volcanoes. It was not until humans discovered how to start and control fire that we started over polluting the planet. For many years cities have struggled through thick smog due to dense smoke emissions. Officials, like in Los Angeles, have tried to adopt multiple measures to combat the smog but the city, and the rest of the world, continued to boom in industry. Thus, overwhelming the air pollution reforms the city tried to enforce. However, it was not until about seventy-one years ago during the height of World War Two, when the dire consequences of air pollution began to dramatically increase. Instead of a foreign enemy attacking the city of Los Angeles, it was a domestic one, smog. On July 26, 1943 downtown Los Angeles was covered in smoke and fumes. The smog was extreme to the extent that it cut off visibility of three blocks. This spontaneous â€Å"gas attack† came about in the middle of a heat wave. For the citizens it was unbearable. They suffered from throat-scraping and eye stinging sensations. The people soon realized that something must have gone wrong.. The day after the incident, the city officials blamed the Southern California Gas Co.s Aliso Street plant for the catastrophe. In order to stop the smog, the angry public had the plant shut down temporarily. Yet they were unpleasantly surprised toShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Pollution1578 Words   |  7 Pages2014 The Causes and Effects of Pollution There are constant news reports about pollution and how it’s destroying earth and how it helps the greenhouse effect on Earth’s atmosphere. There are many different sources of pollution, even some that may not seem likely to produce so much. There are many causes of pollution in the environment. Some include natural sources of pollution and some are caused by manmade sources of pollution. Whether they are natural sources or manmade sources, they all contributeRead MoreOverview of Air Pollution1861 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Air pollution remains one of the most urgent and serious problems facing the world today. Research studies conducted in the past have clearly indicated that in addition to harming the environment, the effects of air pollution on human health are particularly adverse. In this text, I discuss air pollution, its causes, and effects. Further, I propose solutions that could be embraced to rein in the problem of air pollution. Air Pollution: An Overview Air pollution in the words of MillerRead MoreThe Hazardous Effects of Pollution to the Environment and Human Health.Docx Uploaded Successfully1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Hazardous Effects of Pollution to the Environment and Human Health Abstract Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change. It can take the form of chemical substances or energy. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. It is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detrimentRead MoreThe Impact Of Marine Pollution On Our Environment1530 Words   |  7 PagesMarcus Sarvis Mrs.Ashley Rutherford English IV 12 October 2017 The Impacts of Marine Pollution in Society Throughout history humans have always neglected the ocean and polluted the ocean. Pollution has been around even since the Roman times. Marine pollution today has gotten worse due to the fact that society is ignoring the issue and still making over 220 million tons of plastic that are produced each year. There are now close to 500 dead zones covering the ocean globally That is equivalent toRead MoreAmbient Air Pollution Is Bad For The Planet977 Words   |  4 PagesLinked to Exposure of Ambient Air Pollution Most people have heard that air pollution is bad for the planet. That pollutants we put in the air are causing this thing called â€Å"Global Warming.† The information that sometimes gets left out is the impact of ambient air pollution to the health of humans. Ambient air pollution is outdoor pollution originating from industries, cars, and trucks. These pollutants can wreak havoc on the human respiratory system (Ambient air pollution). Respiratory conditions suchRead MoreAquatic Ecology : The Science Of Ecology1555 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironments including oceans, lakes, ponds, wetlands, rivers, and streams. Every organism needs energy to live, grow and reproduce. In aquatic ecology, biologists classify organisms as to how they obtain energy and food. Sunlight is the primary source of energy used by organisms on the earth s surface. There are two types of organisms, autotrophs, and heterotrophs. Autotrophs can produce their food from their surroundings using light, or chemical energy and heterotrophs do not produce theirRead MoreEffects Of Air Pollution Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesmany kinds of pollution, but one that has the most impact on humans would be air pollution. In order to live, we must breathe air and surprisingly some things that we breathe takes a toll on our health. Air pollution occurs when pollutants are released into the atmosphere. It has both chronic and acute effects on human health which effects a number of different systems and organsFossil fuel combustion such as diesel fuel, coal, gasoline and natural gas is the main source of air pollution. Most of thisRead MoreWater Pollution Is An Ever Growing Problem Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagescovered in water, more precisely 71% of earth’s surface is covered with water (Perlman USGS, n.d.). With this large amount of water present one would think that water pollution is not something that needs to be considered. This in fact is untrue, water pollution is an ever growin g problem that our planet is facing. One form of pollution that is on the rise is nutrient loading. Nutrient loading is a becoming a large problem in waterways throughout the world both in freshwater and marine systems. BecauseRead MoreCauses Of Air Pollution Essay874 Words   |  4 PagesAir Pollution Poignant Matters Air pollution refers to a chemical, physical or biological alteration to the atmospheric air. It results whenever harmful gasses, smoke, or dust enters the atmosphere and in turn, hinders the survival of animals and plants as the air contains toxic substances. The survival of human beings and animals greatly depend on the combination of gasses in the atmosphere; slight disruption of this composition can cause devastating effects on their existence. An imbalance in theseRead MoreThe Effects Of Environmental Pollution On The Environment1405 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental pollution is a major problem in the world, posing many health risks to both humans and the environment when exposed to the pollutants for long periods of time. Environmental pollution can simply be defined as â€Å"the presence in the environment of an agent which is potentially damaging to either the environment or human health (Briggs, 2003, 2).† There are many different types of pollution, such as air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution. Environmental pollution needs to start

Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Free Essays

A rESEACH PAPER| AGAINST COSMETIC SUGERY| ENC 1102Instructor: Luse| | By Maria Garzon| 3/25/2013| Background and Thesis Opponents have historically overlooked the primary reasons for it’s against to plastic surgery. It promotes a continuing descent into all things vain. Rather than accepting their perceived flaws, growing, and developing character, they take a chance going under the knife. We will write a custom essay sample on Cosmetic Plastic Surgery or any similar topic only for you Order Now Plastic surgery rarely produces the desired results and creates unhealthier obsession with things that would be relatively trivial in a mentally healthy person with proper priorities and emotional disorders. Even if, by some miracle, someone is completely happy with their surgery, it only serves to perpetuate the cycle; for themselves and for others. The obsession doesn’t go away in these people. Their thinking inevitably moves on to having more things done. The plastic surgery craze is insidious because it targets those who are obsessed with their outer appearance, not what’s important. Furthermore, the demand for cosmetic plastic surgery increases despite the increasing cost, in contrast to other traditional goods for which demand typically declines as price increases. Cosmetic plastic surgery has moved beyond the stage of being an exclusive privilege of the rich and famous. Nevertheless, cosmetic plastic surgery is one of the medical specialties exposed to a substantially high risk of malpractice claims. Most malpractice claims in cosmetic plastic surgery are not consequences of technical faults but because of inadequate patient selection criteria and lack of adequate communication between patient and surgeon. Proven efficient training, careful utilization of computer imaging techniques in association with the adoption of simple precautions and guidelines and adequate communication along with a completed patient’s consent form are important essentials in case of medical litigation. .Mental and emotional stability are increasingly taking a backseat to physical appearance. People just don’t realize what they’re doing to themselves because they have never really valued anything other than physical appearance in the first place. The fact that these things aren’t obvious to more people truly shows where our culture is heading. Just think about this question: Is the freedom to do whatever we want with our lives a valuable passport even to overpass the limits of morals and ethics. People generally aren’t against plastic surgery. They’re against people who look perfectly fine getting their face cut up because they want to look like their favorite celebrity. Opposition A new survey shows that more than half (51%) of all Americans regardless of income approve of cosmetic plastic surgery, this is a 3% increase from 2009. According to the February 2011 report, 52% of respondents with an income of under $25K approve of cosmetic surgery (48% of respondents with an income between $25K-$50K approve, 45% of respondents with an income between $50K-$75K approve, and 56% of respondents with an income above $75K approve) and 29% of the respondents who earn under $25K would consider cosmetic surgery for themselves. â€Å"As the numbers suggest people in every income bracket, single or married, male or female, view plastic surgery as a reasonable option today,† said Felmont F. Eaves III, MD, President of The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS). â€Å"Taking care of yourself and paying attention to physical appearance is increasingly important to everyone. As both traditional surgical procedures have been improved and refined, and new nonsurgical options have become available, aesthetic plastic surgeons have more to offer to our patients. † Other key findings of the study include:53% of women and 49% of men say they approve of cosmetic surgery. 67% of Americans would not be embarrassed if their friends and family knew they had cosmetic surgery. 7% of married Americans and 33% of unmarried Americans would consider cosmetic surgery for themselves, now or in the future. 67% of white Americans and 72% of non-white Americans say they would not be embarrassed about having cosmetic surgery. Most Americans (71%) said their attitude toward cosmetic surgery had not changed in the last five years, though 20% said it was ‘more favorable. ‘Out of all age groups, men and women between the ages of 18 and 24 are the most likely to consider plastic surgery for themselves now or in the future (37%). 7% of Americans 65 or older say they would not be embarrassed about having cosmetic surgery. The study was commissioned by the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) and conducted by the independent research firm innovate. According to 2010 ASAPS Cosmetic Surgery Statistics, almost 9. 5 million cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures were performed in the United States last year. Women had nearly 8. 6 million cosmetic procedures (92 percent of total) and men had more than 750,000 procedures (8 percent of total). Overall, the number of surgical procedures increased by almost 9 percent and nonsurgical cosmetic procedures decreased 9 percent from 2010 to access the complete 2010 ASAPS Statistics. A 2004 study published in the official medical journal of the ASPS, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery found that deaths occurring at office-based surgery facilities are rare–less than 1/4 percent. More than 400,000 operative procedures in accredited office-based outpatient surgery centers were studied from 2000-2002. Serious complications were infrequent, occurring 1 in 298 cases or 0. 4 percent with death occurring 1 in 51,459 cases or 0. 0019 percent, which is comparable to the overall risk of such procedures performed in hospital surgery facilities, this publication makes me think about my life or my beauty Well, someone has to defend cosmetic plastic surgery, says Rachel Weisz, Hollywood beauty. There are several reasons why she is in approve of cosmetic plastic surgery, that extend beyond her own vested interest of making a living. She also asks,† Where do you draw the line between acceptable vanity and unacceptable vanity? You shower, bathe and get regular haircuts. You color your hair to be lighter, darker, more dramatic, or to hide the grays. You spend large amounts of money on skin care products and eye creams. You wear cosmetics, buy and wear flattering clothing , pay a fortune for your kids to have straight teeth . Why are these things acceptable but cosmetic surgery, which actually works, is not? Do you know that the entire skin care industry is lying to you? Over-the-counter skin care products don’t work. At best, they don’t work that well. Regardless of how expensive they are, your face will still sag and wrinkle. Women spend an average of $24,000 over their lifetimes fighting wrinkles, and yet, the wrinkles keep coming. † She basically want to covey that she is in approve of cosmetic surgery because is cheaper than using creams or products, she believe in vanity, plus being perfect is the main character in her life. Refutation I have fact about how cans harmful cosmetic surgeries are. October, 2000. A new study suggests that a few patients who seek facial plastic surgery have a personality disorder. Surgery may benefit some of these patients, but others remain discontented and may seek legal recourse from their surgeon. A person’s self-image plays a key role in the development of personality. Young men and women with a subjective negative impression of their self-image develop defense mechanisms to cope with low esteem. Later in life, they may request cosmetic surgery to â€Å"normalize† a perceived abnormal appearance. These patients may, in fact, not need cosmetic surgery to address patterns of behavior found in certain personality types. Following surgery, conflict may arise between patient and surgeon. The researchers contend that facial plastic surgeons may encounter this problem. Their study attempts to describe the personality disorders of patients seeking facial plastic surgery to allow the specialist to make an informed decision to treat, or not to treat. The research was carried out by a team led by Henri Gaboriau MD, from the Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, and H. Devon Graham III MD, from the Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans, LA. The findings were presented on April 28,1999 at a meeting of the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. The Bible does not specifically address a Christian having plastic surgery or cosmetic surgery. There is nothing in the Bible to indicate that plastic surgery is, in and of itself, wrong. However, there are several things that one needs to consider before deciding whether or not to undergo these procedures. Altering one’s body is unnatural, and there are always risks of potential side effects, both physical and psychological. No one should allow himself to be put â€Å"under the knife† without first thoroughly researching all alternatives, risks, and side effects involved with the surgery. A person also needs to fully identify his or her motivation for desiring the surgery. For many with physical deformities; whether genetic or acquired, it is natural to want to fit into society and feel â€Å"normal. † There are also cases of slight abnormalities that would cause someone to feel very uncomfortable with himself, such as a very large or misshapen nose. But many, if not most, plastic surgeries are attempts to meet emotional voids in physical ways, to attract attention, or to seek approval from others. The most important thing to do before making the decision to undergo plastic surgery would be to consult God about the issue. The Bible tells us that God cares about every worry and concern that we have, so we should take our problems to Him (1 Peter 5:7). Through the wisdom and guidance of the Holy Spirit and the Word of God, we have the ability to make decisions that will please and honor Him. â€Å"Charm is deceptive, and beauty is fleeting; but a woman who fears the LORD is to be praised† (Proverbs 31:30). Even the most skilled surgeon cannot hold back the hands of time, and all cosmetic surgeries will eventually have the same result—aging. Those lifted body parts will sag again, and those cosmetically altered facial features will eventually wrinkle. It is far better to work on beautifying the person underneath, â€Å"that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quiet spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight† (1 Peter 3:4). Conclusion I am against plastic surgery because it is generally unnecessary surgery which comes with very serious risks. Our society places great importance in appearance, which leads to unrealistic standards that young girls and women. Plastic surgery only strengthens these insane standards and weakens the self-esteem of girls and women who do not feel as though they measure up. Learn to love the body you have. And more people want surgery, but we are not becoming uglier as a race, we are just adjusting our notion of what is beautiful and what is not. All of us are the product of billions of years of evolution and sexual selection; we are the direct descendants of 100s of millions of others who have been found sexually attractive by someone else, we can’t be that ugly. As wonderful as this piece of modern medical technology may sound, cosmetic surgery is not all that advantageous and in most of all cases, it is not needed. There is no point in transforming a healthy body. That is why the idea of the perfect body image has to be forgotten, and it has to be recognized that everyone is a special human being. Sources Laurie J. Fundukian, Richard H. Camer â€Å"Blepharoplasty. â€Å". The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed.. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale, 2011. 6 vols. Print Kimberly,HenryA. ,andPennyHeckaman. â€Å"The-Plastic-Surgery-Sourcebook† Lincolnwood: NTC/ Contemporary Publishing, 1999. Print Liz Jones †If face creams really beat ageing, I wouldn’t have had a facelift† 25 July 2011http://www. dailymail. co. uk Newswire Association LLC â€Å"Plastic Surgery Complications and Deaths are Rare, Despite Highly Publicized Death of Donda West† US Newswire. Nov. 14, 2007 pNA. ; http://www. plasticsurgery. org; National Review â€Å"Survey Shows That More Than Half of Americans Approve of Cosmetic Plastic Surgery† New York, NY ,April 4, 2011 ; www. surgery. org; http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-dyn/articles/A63931-2004Oct26. html http://www. prweb. com/releases/2013/3/prweb10557201. htm http://www. deseretnews. com/article/865575486/Teens-turn-to-plastic-surgery-experts-tackle-the-when-and-why. html? pg=all How to cite Cosmetic Plastic Surgery, Papers

Basic Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning free essay sample

When entering a market, an organisation needs to identify its customers and what its customer needs are. A business can’t go into a market with a product and expect to sell it, because the demand for the product may not be there. It is important for the business to plan thoroughly before entering a market and understand the diverse nature of a market. For example, a market may have large range of consumers who have different tastes, preference and needs. So this is where the concept of segmentation will be applied. Segmentation is defined as ‘the identification of individuals or organisations with similar characteristics that have significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy’. To break this down, an organisation will need to group together the consumers that share the same traits in order to serve them properly. A company is bound to fail if it has created a marketing mix which serves one customer, but does not serve another. By creating sub markets or market segments, a marketing mix can be created to suit the needs of each segment which will create satisfied customers. Once a company has successfully segmented a market, it can then provide products or services that will satisfy customers in a specific segment. If a company does not have a product or service to satisfy a sub market, then it is in the company’s interest to develop a product or service that will satisfy that part of the market. This is because one of the main reasons for segmentation is maximising profits. Segmentation is a way to match consumer needs, which in turn can enhance profitability. When a segment hasn’t been supplied with goods or services, this is seen as an opportunity to enhance profits. You may segment consumers into three main groups, Behavioural, psychographic and profile variables, each group has its own sub categories. Marketers use these as a basis to segment their potential markets, for example the behavioural segment has the following sub groups: * Benefit sought * Purchase occasion * Purchase behaviour * Usage * Perceptions and beliefs Psychographic has the following sub groups * Lifestyle * Personality Profile variables has the following sub groups * Demographic * Socio-economic * Geographic There is no definite way to segment a market, but these following sub groups can be used together to segment a market. For example you could combine lifestyle with geographic or purchase behaviour, personality and socio-economic to segment your market. Lucozade developed a sports brand ‘Lucozade sport’ in 1990 and from there the brand has divided into sub brands to suit the needs of different consumers. Lucozade sport was developed as an enegery drink to replenish lost energy and rehydrate before, during and after sport. Lucozade then went on to create another brand extension ‘Lucozade Hydro Active’ which was also developed as a sub brand which is a fitness water that contains essential salts, selected vitamins and has a light fruit flavour to encourage consumption during exercise. Lucozade Sport Nutrition was another sub brand that included the Lucozade Sports Bar and Carbo Energy Gel products, which have been formulated to deliver an optimum diet for athletes in a convenient, portable format. You can see how the original brand has branched off into sub brands or brand extensions. For these brand extensions to be effective, Lucozade needed to understand and apply market segmentation. The marketing mix was also an essential key to the success of these products as the mix is a tool to implement strategy. You can see how Lucozade implemented their marketing strategy using the marketing mix. For example, the company would have needed to make a choice on what product top offer, known as a product decision. Once a market has been segmented, it is easier for a company to make a decision on which product they would like to provide their customers. In Lucozades case, it was a choice to develop a new sports brand and further extend that brand as their find gaps in other segments of the market. Target marketing An important part of marketing is selecting the market you want to enter to provide your products or services. So once you have successfully used market segmentation to divide your market into reasonable consumer segments, you then need to use targeting to choose the market you are going to serve. Choosing a market to serve is an extremely important decision a business will need to make, because a bad decision at this stage could result in failure. To help make the right decision, a company should use criteria to evaluate a market, for example: * Effective * Measurable * Accessible * Actionable * Profitable (foot note) Another method of evolution would be the SMART objectives method: * Specific * Measurable * Achievable * Realistic * Time scaled Either way, an organisation should evaluate their potential market before entering them. There have been cases where businesses have entered markets and failed, because they did not evaluate effectively. In 2003, Burger King introduced a new line of chicken sandwiches aimed at appealing to a more health-conscious demographic (the BK Baguette Sandwiches). The product never caught on in the U. S. and was quickly replaced with the TenderGrill Sandwich’. It’s evident that of a failing product and more importantly evidence of poor marketing strategy. If burger king used targeting properly, the product may have been more successful in a different location with different consumer s. This example seems show evidence of undifferentiated marking, which is one marketing mix for the whole market. Burger King should have spent more time on research to identify where those consumers were and target them with their new product. In some markets undifferentiated marketing works, these are usually mass markets, but for new product lines such as burger kings new sandwich, differentiated marketing should be used. When Mc Donalds entered the Indian market, they realised a large percentage of the population were vegetarian due to culture differences. Mc Donalds developed a vegetarian product range that suited this market, so this is seen as differentiated marketing. Differentiated marketing is a marketing mix that is developed for each segment of a market. A company would need to have the capability to manufacture a range of products to serve each segment, as this strategy tends to create multiple segments each with different preferences. Mc Donalds has the capability to manufacture the new vegetarian range, through the use of local suppliers and their large distribution networks. Comparing Burger Kings failure and Mc Donalds success indicates where Burger King went wrong. Burger King dropped the product and did not try to investigate other markets to see if there were any opportunities. Part of the segmentation process is to identify opportunities to enhance profits, so looking for another market to enter could have been an option as Burger King is global. The promotion part of the marketing mix would have been the key role to the success of Burger Kings new product. When launching new product, the target audience needs to be aware the products exists. Advertising would have been the most important task for Burger King when launching this new product. Firms can use another form of targeting known as focused marketing, where a firm would focus on a niche market. Effectively a firm would identify market egments, evaluate each segment, then decide on which one would be most profitable or sustainable. One marketing mix is used for each segment, so this allows an organisation to focus their entire resources on that one segment of a market. This is often more efficient for small to medium sized businesses as they do not have the capacity to serve mass markets. Positioning Another part of the marketing management process is positioning. This is defined as ‘A  marketing strategy  that  aims  to make a brand occupy a distinct  position, relative to  competing  brands, in the mind of the  customer. Firms tend to use this strategy to distinguish themselves between other brands in the mind of a consumer. Consumers often try to compare brands to see which one has the most benefits or added value. So it’s important for a company to use positioning to make sure their brand becomes the choice of a consumer. â€Å"The easiest way to get into someone’s mind is to be first, nobody remembers second†. Southwest Airlines used positioning very well, turning a disadvantage into an advantage. This company did not offer reserved seating on their flights, so it would be a free for all situation when boarding their planes. Using the promotion part of the marketing mix, they created an ad which switched the perception of their position. So Bill switched to Southwest Airlines. Now Bill sits where Bill wants. Freedom to choose on Southwest Airlines.   Ã‚  This was a very innovative way to position a service less advantageous compared to competitors. So through positioning and promotion southwest airlines turned a disadvantage into a benefit. The advert tried to change the perception of customers to make it seem like a good thing to pick your seats when you board a plane. A company that is really successful at position is ‘Hotel Chocolat’. Operating in the confectionary industry, Hotel Chocolat is a niche business. You can often find niche firms operating at the higher end of a market providing luxury goods. The chocolate industry is a highly competitive industry, but Hotel Chocolat has still been successful by segmenting the marketing, developing products that suit each segment and then positioning itself as a luxury brand. Through the use of profile variables Hotel Chocolat divided their market,the following list is one example of how the company segmented the market: * Gifts for him * Gifts for her * Teachers * Children * Diabetics Vegans * Vegetarians So there a products developed to suit the needs of consumers from each segment. This a really innovative niche within the confectionary industry and it shows how his business used the product part of the marketing mix. The company is able to answer question like, what does the customer want from the product? What needs does it satisfy? What features does it have to me et these needs? These are all important question when developing products for each segment. Through use of positioning Hotel Chocolat is able to be distinguished as a luxury brand, but part of this is to do with pricing. The businesses prices for products a significantly higher than competitive brands. You can buy a 250g tub of hot chocolate powder from Hotel Chocolat for ? 10. 00, compared to ? 2. 99 for a 500g tub of Cadburys hot chocolate powder. So you can see how the prices are reflecting the quality of each product. Hotel Chocolat is a successful business too, as it has new shops opening at the rate of more than ten a year in the UK where there are now 61 with two franchises in the Channel Islands. So the price determines the quality of the brand and the brand is based around good quality products. Another part of the marketing mix adds to the success of Hotel Chocolat, place. There are only 61 stores, the location of these stores are on busy high streets and shopping malls. By having stores in the Channel islands shows that Hotel Chocolat really think about where they have their store as jersey is a wealthy island with GDP of ? 1 billion in 2008, with a population of around 100,000. So consumers general have more money available to spend on luxury goods. Overall Hotel Chocolat have successfully implemented a marketing strategy that works within the confectionary industry. Through the use of segmentation, targeting and positioning the company has been about to satisfy consumers and increase profitability. Segmentation is a process a business should if they would like to identify their consumers as it divides the market into segments, which in turn allow you to serve segments that suit your business activity. Targeting is strategy which a business should use to decide which segments they want to serve. When targeting a business should thoroughly evaluate each segment to make sure they choose the right segment. Positioning is important when marketing a product or service as it means the difference between a customer buying your product over a competitors. For this to be successful the use of perceived value and branding should support the process. Word count: 2086 References Jobber and Fahy – Foundations of Marketing (Chapter 5 – Page 109) Irish Times. (2006). Marketing communications fuelling performance. Available: http://www. business2000. ie/pdf/pdf_10/glaxosmithkline_10th_ed. pdf. Last accessed 16/08/2012. Daily Meal. (20/05/12). Failed products of major brands. Available: http://www. oxnews. com/leisure/2012/05/20/failed-products-major-brands/#ixzz22y8z9FQE. Last accessed 16/08/2012. Chris Horton. (04/05/2012). Positioning Case Study: How Nokia Fell From Number 1 Read more at Available: http://www. business2community. com/mobile-apps/market-positioning-case-study-how-nokia-fell-from-number-1-0173782#x2lZvbK3uwT6v9dJ. 99. Last accessed 16/08/2012. Al Ries and Jack Trout à ¢â‚¬â€œ Book  Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind (1981) Ivan Levison. (January 2009). A Product Positioning Case Study: Southwest Airlines Is Sitting Pretty. Available: http://www. directmarketingiq. om/article/a-product-positioning-case-study-southwest-airlines-is-sitting-pretty-112/1 Last accessed 16/08/2012. David White. (10/06/12). Sweet success. Available: http://www. thisismoney. co. uk/money/markets/article-2156359/Interview-Hotel-Chocolat-founder-Angus-Thirlwell. html#ixzz23SMednqX. Last accessed 16/08/2012. [ 1 ]. Jobber and Fahy – Foundations of Marketing (Chapter 5 – Page 109) [ 2 ]. http://www. business2000. ie/pdf/pdf_10/glaxosmithkline_10th_ed. pdf [ 3 ]. http://www. foxnews. com/leisure/2012/05/20/failed-products-major-brands/#ixzz22y8z9FQE [ 4 ]. ttp://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/positioning. html#ixzz233N03x00 [ 5 ]. (1981 book  Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind, Al Ries and Jack Trout) http://www. business2community. com/mobile -apps/market-positioning-case-study-how-nokia-fell-from-number-1-0173782#x2lZvbK3uwT6v9dJ. 99 [ 6 ]. http://www. directmarketingiq. com/article/a-product-positioning-case-study-southwest-airlines-is-sitting-pretty-112/1 [ 7 ]. http://www. thisismoney. co. uk/money/markets/article-2156359/Interview-Hotel-Chocolat-founder-Angus-Thirlwell. html#ixzz23SMednqX